qrhid3d11.cpp

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// Copyright (C) 2019 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR LGPL-3.0-only OR GPL-2.0-only OR GPL-3.0-only
 
#include "qrhid3d11_p.h"
#include "qshader.h"
#include "vs_test_p.h"
#include <QWindow>
#include <qmath.h>
#include <QtCore/qcryptographichash.h>
#include <QtCore/private/qsystemerror_p.h>
#include "qrhid3dhelpers_p.h"
 
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
using namespace Qt::StringLiterals;
 
/*
  Direct3D 11 backend. Provides a double-buffered flip model swapchain.
  Textures and "static" buffers are USAGE_DEFAULT, leaving it to
  UpdateSubResource to upload the data in any way it sees fit. "Dynamic"
  buffers are USAGE_DYNAMIC and updating is done by mapping with WRITE_DISCARD.
  (so here QRhiBuffer keeps a copy of the buffer contents and all of it is
  memcpy'd every time, leaving the rest (juggling with the memory area Map
  returns) to the driver).
*/
 
// help mingw with its ancient sdk headers
#ifndef DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE
#define DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE 2
#endif
 
#ifndef D3D11_1_UAV_SLOT_COUNT
#define D3D11_1_UAV_SLOT_COUNT 64
#endif
 
#ifndef D3D11_VS_INPUT_REGISTER_COUNT
#define D3D11_VS_INPUT_REGISTER_COUNT 32
#endif
 
QRhiD3D11::QRhiD3D11(QRhiD3D11InitParams *params, QRhiD3D11NativeHandles *importParams)
    : ofr(this)
{
    debugLayer = params->enableDebugLayer;
 
    if (importParams) {
        if (importParams->dev && importParams->context) {
            dev = reinterpret_cast<ID3D11Device *>(importParams->dev);
            ID3D11DeviceContext *ctx = reinterpret_cast<ID3D11DeviceContext *>(importParams->context);
            if (SUCCEEDED(ctx->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D11DeviceContext1), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&context)))) {
                // get rid of the ref added by QueryInterface
                ctx->Release();
                importedDeviceAndContext = true;
            } else {
                qWarning("ID3D11DeviceContext1 not supported by context, cannot import");
            }
        }
        featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL(importParams->featureLevel);
        adapterLuid.LowPart = importParams->adapterLuidLow;
        adapterLuid.HighPart = importParams->adapterLuidHigh;
    }
}
 
template <class Int>
inline Int aligned(Int v, Int byteAlign)
{
    return (v + byteAlign - 1) & ~(byteAlign - 1);
}
 
static IDXGIFactory1 *createDXGIFactory2()
{
    IDXGIFactory1 *result = nullptr;
    const HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory2(0, __uuidof(IDXGIFactory2), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&result));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("CreateDXGIFactory2() failed to create DXGI factory: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        result = nullptr;
    }
    return result;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::create(QRhi::Flags flags)
{
    rhiFlags = flags;
 
    uint devFlags = 0;
    if (debugLayer)
        devFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
 
    dxgiFactory = createDXGIFactory2();
    if (!dxgiFactory)
        return false;
 
    // For a FLIP_* swapchain Present(0, 0) is not necessarily
    // sufficient to get non-blocking behavior, try using ALLOW_TEARING
    // when available.
    supportsAllowTearing = false;
    IDXGIFactory5 *factory5 = nullptr;
    if (SUCCEEDED(dxgiFactory->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory5), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&factory5)))) {
        BOOL allowTearing = false;
        if (SUCCEEDED(factory5->CheckFeatureSupport(DXGI_FEATURE_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING, &allowTearing, sizeof(allowTearing))))
            supportsAllowTearing = allowTearing;
        factory5->Release();
    }
 
    if (qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_FLIP_DISCARD"))
        qWarning("The default swap effect is FLIP_DISCARD, QT_D3D_FLIP_DISCARD is now ignored");
 
    // Support for flip model swapchains is required now (since we are
    // targeting Windows 10+), but the option for using the old model is still
    // there. (some features are not supported then, however)
    useLegacySwapchainModel = qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_NO_FLIP");
 
    qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "FLIP_* swapchain supported = true, ALLOW_TEARING supported = %s, use legacy (non-FLIP) model = %s",
            supportsAllowTearing ? "true" : "false",
            useLegacySwapchainModel ? "true" : "false");
 
    if (!importedDeviceAndContext) {
        IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter;
        int requestedAdapterIndex = -1;
        if (qEnvironmentVariableIsSet("QT_D3D_ADAPTER_INDEX"))
            requestedAdapterIndex = qEnvironmentVariableIntValue("QT_D3D_ADAPTER_INDEX");
 
        // The importParams may specify an adapter by the luid, take that into account.
        if (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 && (adapterLuid.LowPart || adapterLuid.HighPart)) {
            for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
                DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
                adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
                adapter->Release();
                if (desc.AdapterLuid.LowPart == adapterLuid.LowPart
                        && desc.AdapterLuid.HighPart == adapterLuid.HighPart)
                {
                    requestedAdapterIndex = adapterIndex;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
 
        if (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 && flags.testFlag(QRhi::PreferSoftwareRenderer)) {
            for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
                DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
                adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
                adapter->Release();
                if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) {
                    requestedAdapterIndex = adapterIndex;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
 
        activeAdapter = nullptr;
        for (int adapterIndex = 0; dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(UINT(adapterIndex), &adapter) != DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND; ++adapterIndex) {
            DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
            adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
            const QString name = QString::fromUtf16(reinterpret_cast<char16_t *>(desc.Description));
            qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Adapter %d: '%s' (vendor 0x%X device 0x%X flags 0x%X)",
                    adapterIndex,
                    qPrintable(name),
                    desc.VendorId,
                    desc.DeviceId,
                    desc.Flags);
            if (!activeAdapter && (requestedAdapterIndex < 0 || requestedAdapterIndex == adapterIndex)) {
                activeAdapter = adapter;
                adapterLuid = desc.AdapterLuid;
                QRhiD3D::fillDriverInfo(&driverInfoStruct, desc);
                qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "  using this adapter");
            } else {
                adapter->Release();
            }
        }
        if (!activeAdapter) {
            qWarning("No adapter");
            return false;
        }
 
        // Normally we won't specify a requested feature level list,
        // except when a level was specified in importParams.
        QVarLengthArray<D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL, 4> requestedFeatureLevels;
        bool requestFeatureLevels = false;
        if (featureLevel) {
            requestFeatureLevels = true;
            requestedFeatureLevels.append(featureLevel);
        }
 
        ID3D11DeviceContext *ctx = nullptr;
        HRESULT hr = D3D11CreateDevice(activeAdapter, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, nullptr, devFlags,
                                       requestFeatureLevels ? requestedFeatureLevels.constData() : nullptr,
                                       requestFeatureLevels ? requestedFeatureLevels.count() : 0,
                                       D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
                                       &dev, &featureLevel, &ctx);
        // We cannot assume that D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG is always available. Retry without it, if needed.
        if (hr == DXGI_ERROR_SDK_COMPONENT_MISSING && debugLayer) {
            qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Debug layer was requested but is not available. "
                                   "Attempting to create D3D11 device without it.");
            devFlags &= ~D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
            hr = D3D11CreateDevice(activeAdapter, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, nullptr, devFlags,
                                   requestFeatureLevels ? requestedFeatureLevels.constData() : nullptr,
                                   requestFeatureLevels ? requestedFeatureLevels.count() : 0,
                                   D3D11_SDK_VERSION,
                                   &dev, &featureLevel, &ctx);
        }
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create D3D11 device and context: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
 
        const bool supports11_1 = SUCCEEDED(ctx->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D11DeviceContext1), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&context)));
        ctx->Release();
        if (!supports11_1) {
            qWarning("ID3D11DeviceContext1 not supported");
            return false;
        }
 
        // Test if creating a Shader Model 5.0 vertex shader works; we want to
        // fail already in create() if that's not the case.
        ID3D11VertexShader *testShader = nullptr;
        if (SUCCEEDED(dev->CreateVertexShader(g_testVertexShader, sizeof(g_testVertexShader), nullptr, &testShader))) {
            testShader->Release();
        } else {
            static const char *msg = "D3D11 smoke test: Failed to create vertex shader";
            if (flags.testFlag(QRhi::SuppressSmokeTestWarnings))
                qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "%s", msg);
            else
                qWarning("%s", msg);
            return false;
        }
 
        D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_D3D11_OPTIONS features = {};
        if (SUCCEEDED(dev->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS, &features, sizeof(features)))) {
            // The D3D _runtime_ may be 11.1, but the underlying _driver_ may
            // still not support this D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1 feature. (e.g.
            // because it only does 11_0)
            if (!features.ConstantBufferOffsetting) {
                static const char *msg = "D3D11 smoke test: Constant buffer offsetting is not supported by the driver";
                if (flags.testFlag(QRhi::SuppressSmokeTestWarnings))
                    qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "%s", msg);
                else
                    qWarning("%s", msg);
                return false;
            }
        } else {
            static const char *msg = "D3D11 smoke test: Failed to query D3D11_FEATURE_D3D11_OPTIONS";
            if (flags.testFlag(QRhi::SuppressSmokeTestWarnings))
                qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "%s", msg);
            else
                qWarning("%s", msg);
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        Q_ASSERT(dev && context);
        featureLevel = dev->GetFeatureLevel();
        IDXGIDevice *dxgiDev = nullptr;
        if (SUCCEEDED(dev->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIDevice), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&dxgiDev)))) {
            IDXGIAdapter *adapter = nullptr;
            if (SUCCEEDED(dxgiDev->GetAdapter(&adapter))) {
                IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter1 = nullptr;
                if (SUCCEEDED(adapter->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGIAdapter1), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&adapter1)))) {
                    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
                    adapter1->GetDesc1(&desc);
                    adapterLuid = desc.AdapterLuid;
                    QRhiD3D::fillDriverInfo(&driverInfoStruct, desc);
                    adapter1->Release();
                }
                adapter->Release();
            }
            dxgiDev->Release();
        }
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Using imported device %p", dev);
    }
 
    if (FAILED(context->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3DUserDefinedAnnotation), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&annotations))))
        annotations = nullptr;
 
    deviceLost = false;
 
    nativeHandlesStruct.dev = dev;
    nativeHandlesStruct.context = context;
    nativeHandlesStruct.featureLevel = featureLevel;
    nativeHandlesStruct.adapterLuidLow = adapterLuid.LowPart;
    nativeHandlesStruct.adapterLuidHigh = adapterLuid.HighPart;
 
    return true;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::clearShaderCache()
{
    for (Shader &s : m_shaderCache)
        s.s->Release();
 
    m_shaderCache.clear();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::destroy()
{
    finishActiveReadbacks();
 
    clearShaderCache();
 
    if (ofr.tsDisjointQuery) {
        ofr.tsDisjointQuery->Release();
        ofr.tsDisjointQuery = nullptr;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        if (ofr.tsQueries[i]) {
            ofr.tsQueries[i]->Release();
            ofr.tsQueries[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    if (annotations) {
        annotations->Release();
        annotations = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (!importedDeviceAndContext) {
        if (context) {
            context->Release();
            context = nullptr;
        }
        if (dev) {
            dev->Release();
            dev = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    if (dcompDevice) {
        dcompDevice->Release();
        dcompDevice = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (activeAdapter) {
        activeAdapter->Release();
        activeAdapter = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (dxgiFactory) {
        dxgiFactory->Release();
        dxgiFactory = nullptr;
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::reportLiveObjects(ID3D11Device *device)
{
    // this works only when params.enableDebugLayer was true
    ID3D11Debug *debug;
    if (SUCCEEDED(device->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D11Debug), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&debug)))) {
        debug->ReportLiveDeviceObjects(D3D11_RLDO_DETAIL);
        debug->Release();
    }
}
 
QList<int> QRhiD3D11::supportedSampleCounts() const
{
    return { 1, 2, 4, 8 };
}
 
DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC QRhiD3D11::effectiveSampleDesc(int sampleCount) const
{
    DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC desc;
    desc.Count = 1;
    desc.Quality = 0;
 
    const int s = effectiveSampleCount(sampleCount);
 
    desc.Count = UINT(s);
    if (s > 1)
        desc.Quality = UINT(D3D11_STANDARD_MULTISAMPLE_PATTERN);
    else
        desc.Quality = 0;
 
    return desc;
}
 
QRhiSwapChain *QRhiD3D11::createSwapChain()
{
    return new QD3D11SwapChain(this);
}
 
QRhiBuffer *QRhiD3D11::createBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Type type, QRhiBuffer::UsageFlags usage, quint32 size)
{
    return new QD3D11Buffer(this, type, usage, size);
}
 
int QRhiD3D11::ubufAlignment() const
{
    return 256;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isYUpInFramebuffer() const
{
    return false;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isYUpInNDC() const
{
    return true;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isClipDepthZeroToOne() const
{
    return true;
}
 
QMatrix4x4 QRhiD3D11::clipSpaceCorrMatrix() const
{
    // Like with Vulkan, but Y is already good.
 
    static QMatrix4x4 m;
    if (m.isIdentity()) {
        // NB the ctor takes row-major
        m = QMatrix4x4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
                       0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
                       0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f,
                       0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    }
    return m;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isTextureFormatSupported(QRhiTexture::Format format, QRhiTexture::Flags flags) const
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
 
    if (format >= QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8 && format <= QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x12)
        return false;
 
    return true;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
{
    switch (feature) {
    case QRhi::MultisampleTexture:
        return true;
    case QRhi::MultisampleRenderBuffer:
        return true;
    case QRhi::DebugMarkers:
        return annotations != nullptr;
    case QRhi::Timestamps:
        return true;
    case QRhi::Instancing:
        return true;
    case QRhi::CustomInstanceStepRate:
        return true;
    case QRhi::PrimitiveRestart:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NonDynamicUniformBuffers:
        return false; // because UpdateSubresource cannot deal with this
    case QRhi::NonFourAlignedEffectiveIndexBufferOffset:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NPOTTextureRepeat:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RedOrAlpha8IsRed:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ElementIndexUint:
        return true;
    case QRhi::Compute:
        return true;
    case QRhi::WideLines:
        return false;
    case QRhi::VertexShaderPointSize:
        return false;
    case QRhi::BaseVertex:
        return true;
    case QRhi::BaseInstance:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TriangleFanTopology:
        return false;
    case QRhi::ReadBackNonUniformBuffer:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ReadBackNonBaseMipLevel:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TexelFetch:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderToNonBaseMipLevel:
        return true;
    case QRhi::IntAttributes:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ScreenSpaceDerivatives:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ReadBackAnyTextureFormat:
        return true;
    case QRhi::PipelineCacheDataLoadSave:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ImageDataStride:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderBufferImport:
        return false;
    case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextures:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderTo3DTextureSlice:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TextureArrays:
        return true;
    case QRhi::Tessellation:
        return true;
    case QRhi::GeometryShader:
        return true;
    case QRhi::TextureArrayRange:
        return true;
    case QRhi::NonFillPolygonMode:
        return true;
    case QRhi::OneDimensionalTextures:
        return true;
    case QRhi::OneDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
        return true;
    case QRhi::HalfAttributes:
        return true;
    case QRhi::RenderToOneDimensionalTexture:
        return true;
    case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
        return true;
    case QRhi::MultiView:
        return false;
    case QRhi::TextureViewFormat:
        return false; // because we use fully typed formats for textures and relaxed casting is a D3D12 thing
    case QRhi::ResolveDepthStencil:
        return false;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return false;
    }
}
 
int QRhiD3D11::resourceLimit(QRhi::ResourceLimit limit) const
{
    switch (limit) {
    case QRhi::TextureSizeMin:
        return 1;
    case QRhi::TextureSizeMax:
        return D3D11_REQ_TEXTURE2D_U_OR_V_DIMENSION;
    case QRhi::MaxColorAttachments:
        return 8;
    case QRhi::FramesInFlight:
        // From our perspective. What D3D does internally is another question
        // (there could be pipelining, helped f.ex. by our MAP_DISCARD based
        // uniform buffer update strategy), but that's out of our hands and
        // does not concern us here.
        return 1;
    case QRhi::MaxAsyncReadbackFrames:
        return 1;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupsPerDimension:
        return D3D11_CS_DISPATCH_MAX_THREAD_GROUPS_PER_DIMENSION;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadsPerThreadGroup:
        return D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_THREADS_PER_GROUP;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupX:
        return D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_X;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupY:
        return D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Y;
    case QRhi::MaxThreadGroupZ:
        return D3D11_CS_THREAD_GROUP_MAX_Z;
    case QRhi::TextureArraySizeMax:
        return D3D11_REQ_TEXTURE2D_ARRAY_AXIS_DIMENSION;
    case QRhi::MaxUniformBufferRange:
        return 65536;
    case QRhi::MaxVertexInputs:
        return D3D11_VS_INPUT_REGISTER_COUNT;
    case QRhi::MaxVertexOutputs:
        return D3D11_VS_OUTPUT_REGISTER_COUNT;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return 0;
    }
}
 
const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiD3D11::nativeHandles()
{
    return &nativeHandlesStruct;
}
 
QRhiDriverInfo QRhiD3D11::driverInfo() const
{
    return driverInfoStruct;
}
 
QRhiStats QRhiD3D11::statistics()
{
    QRhiStats result;
    result.totalPipelineCreationTime = totalPipelineCreationTime();
    return result;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::makeThreadLocalNativeContextCurrent()
{
    // not applicable
    return false;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::releaseCachedResources()
{
    clearShaderCache();
    m_bytecodeCache.clear();
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::isDeviceLost() const
{
    return deviceLost;
}
 
struct QD3D11PipelineCacheDataHeader
{
    quint32 rhiId;
    quint32 arch;
    // no need for driver specifics
    quint32 count;
    quint32 dataSize;
};
 
QByteArray QRhiD3D11::pipelineCacheData()
{
    QByteArray data;
    if (m_bytecodeCache.isEmpty())
        return data;
 
    QD3D11PipelineCacheDataHeader header;
    memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
    header.rhiId = pipelineCacheRhiId();
    header.arch = quint32(sizeof(void*));
    header.count = m_bytecodeCache.count();
 
    const size_t dataOffset = sizeof(header);
    size_t dataSize = 0;
    for (auto it = m_bytecodeCache.cbegin(), end = m_bytecodeCache.cend(); it != end; ++it) {
        BytecodeCacheKey key = it.key();
        QByteArray bytecode = it.value();
        dataSize +=
                  sizeof(quint32) + key.sourceHash.size()
                + sizeof(quint32) + key.target.size()
                + sizeof(quint32) + key.entryPoint.size()
                + sizeof(quint32) // compileFlags
                + sizeof(quint32) + bytecode.size();
    }
 
    QByteArray buf(dataOffset + dataSize, Qt::Uninitialized);
    char *p = buf.data() + dataOffset;
    for (auto it = m_bytecodeCache.cbegin(), end = m_bytecodeCache.cend(); it != end; ++it) {
        BytecodeCacheKey key = it.key();
        QByteArray bytecode = it.value();
 
        quint32 i = key.sourceHash.size();
        memcpy(p, &i, 4);
        p += 4;
        memcpy(p, key.sourceHash.constData(), key.sourceHash.size());
        p += key.sourceHash.size();
 
        i = key.target.size();
        memcpy(p, &i, 4);
        p += 4;
        memcpy(p, key.target.constData(), key.target.size());
        p += key.target.size();
 
        i = key.entryPoint.size();
        memcpy(p, &i, 4);
        p += 4;
        memcpy(p, key.entryPoint.constData(), key.entryPoint.size());
        p += key.entryPoint.size();
 
        quint32 f = key.compileFlags;
        memcpy(p, &f, 4);
        p += 4;
 
        i = bytecode.size();
        memcpy(p, &i, 4);
        p += 4;
        memcpy(p, bytecode.constData(), bytecode.size());
        p += bytecode.size();
    }
    Q_ASSERT(p == buf.data() + dataOffset + dataSize);
 
    header.dataSize = quint32(dataSize);
    memcpy(buf.data(), &header, sizeof(header));
 
    return buf;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setPipelineCacheData(const QByteArray &data)
{
    if (data.isEmpty())
        return;
 
    const size_t headerSize = sizeof(QD3D11PipelineCacheDataHeader);
    if (data.size() < qsizetype(headerSize)) {
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "setPipelineCacheData: Invalid blob size (header incomplete)");
        return;
    }
    const size_t dataOffset = headerSize;
    QD3D11PipelineCacheDataHeader header;
    memcpy(&header, data.constData(), headerSize);
 
    const quint32 rhiId = pipelineCacheRhiId();
    if (header.rhiId != rhiId) {
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "setPipelineCacheData: The data is for a different QRhi version or backend (%u, %u)",
                rhiId, header.rhiId);
        return;
    }
    const quint32 arch = quint32(sizeof(void*));
    if (header.arch != arch) {
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "setPipelineCacheData: Architecture does not match (%u, %u)",
                arch, header.arch);
        return;
    }
    if (header.count == 0)
        return;
 
    if (data.size() < qsizetype(dataOffset + header.dataSize)) {
        qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "setPipelineCacheData: Invalid blob size (data incomplete)");
        return;
    }
 
    m_bytecodeCache.clear();
 
    const char *p = data.constData() + dataOffset;
    for (quint32 i = 0; i < header.count; ++i) {
        quint32 len = 0;
        memcpy(&len, p, 4);
        p += 4;
        QByteArray sourceHash(len, Qt::Uninitialized);
        memcpy(sourceHash.data(), p, len);
        p += len;
 
        memcpy(&len, p, 4);
        p += 4;
        QByteArray target(len, Qt::Uninitialized);
        memcpy(target.data(), p, len);
        p += len;
 
        memcpy(&len, p, 4);
        p += 4;
        QByteArray entryPoint(len, Qt::Uninitialized);
        memcpy(entryPoint.data(), p, len);
        p += len;
 
        quint32 flags;
        memcpy(&flags, p, 4);
        p += 4;
 
        memcpy(&len, p, 4);
        p += 4;
        QByteArray bytecode(len, Qt::Uninitialized);
        memcpy(bytecode.data(), p, len);
        p += len;
 
        BytecodeCacheKey cacheKey;
        cacheKey.sourceHash = sourceHash;
        cacheKey.target = target;
        cacheKey.entryPoint = entryPoint;
        cacheKey.compileFlags = flags;
 
        m_bytecodeCache.insert(cacheKey, bytecode);
    }
 
    qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Seeded bytecode cache with %d shaders", int(m_bytecodeCache.count()));
}
 
QRhiRenderBuffer *QRhiD3D11::createRenderBuffer(QRhiRenderBuffer::Type type, const QSize &pixelSize,
                                                int sampleCount, QRhiRenderBuffer::Flags flags,
                                                QRhiTexture::Format backingFormatHint)
{
    return new QD3D11RenderBuffer(this, type, pixelSize, sampleCount, flags, backingFormatHint);
}
 
QRhiTexture *QRhiD3D11::createTexture(QRhiTexture::Format format,
                                      const QSize &pixelSize, int depth, int arraySize,
                                      int sampleCount, QRhiTexture::Flags flags)
{
    return new QD3D11Texture(this, format, pixelSize, depth, arraySize, sampleCount, flags);
}
 
QRhiSampler *QRhiD3D11::createSampler(QRhiSampler::Filter magFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter minFilter,
                                      QRhiSampler::Filter mipmapMode,
                                      QRhiSampler::AddressMode u, QRhiSampler::AddressMode v, QRhiSampler::AddressMode w)
{
    return new QD3D11Sampler(this, magFilter, minFilter, mipmapMode, u, v, w);
}
 
QRhiTextureRenderTarget *QRhiD3D11::createTextureRenderTarget(const QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription &desc,
                                                              QRhiTextureRenderTarget::Flags flags)
{
    return new QD3D11TextureRenderTarget(this, desc, flags);
}
 
QRhiGraphicsPipeline *QRhiD3D11::createGraphicsPipeline()
{
    return new QD3D11GraphicsPipeline(this);
}
 
QRhiComputePipeline *QRhiD3D11::createComputePipeline()
{
    return new QD3D11ComputePipeline(this);
}
 
QRhiShaderResourceBindings *QRhiD3D11::createShaderResourceBindings()
{
    return new QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings(this);
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setGraphicsPipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiGraphicsPipeline *ps)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    QD3D11GraphicsPipeline *psD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, ps);
    const bool pipelineChanged = cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline != ps || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation;
 
    if (pipelineChanged) {
        cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = ps;
        cbD->currentComputePipeline = nullptr;
        cbD->currentPipelineGeneration = psD->generation;
 
        QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
        cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindGraphicsPipeline;
        cmd.args.bindGraphicsPipeline.ps = psD;
    }
}
 
static const int RBM_SUPPORTED_STAGES = 6;
static const int RBM_VERTEX = 0;
static const int RBM_HULL = 1;
static const int RBM_DOMAIN = 2;
static const int RBM_GEOMETRY = 3;
static const int RBM_FRAGMENT = 4;
static const int RBM_COMPUTE = 5;
 
void QRhiD3D11::setShaderResources(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiShaderResourceBindings *srb,
                                   int dynamicOffsetCount,
                                   const QRhiCommandBuffer::DynamicOffset *dynamicOffsets)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass != QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
    QD3D11GraphicsPipeline *gfxPsD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    QD3D11ComputePipeline *compPsD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11ComputePipeline, cbD->currentComputePipeline);
 
    if (!srb) {
        if (gfxPsD)
            srb = gfxPsD->m_shaderResourceBindings;
        else
            srb = compPsD->m_shaderResourceBindings;
    }
 
    QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings *srbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings, srb);
 
    bool srbUpdate = false;
    for (int i = 0, ie = srbD->sortedBindings.count(); i != ie; ++i) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *b = shaderResourceBindingData(srbD->sortedBindings.at(i));
        QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::BoundResourceData &bd(srbD->boundResourceData[i]);
        switch (b->type) {
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer:
        {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, b->u.ubuf.buf);
            // NonDynamicUniformBuffers is not supported by this backend
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic && bufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer));
 
            executeBufferHostWrites(bufD);
 
            if (bufD->generation != bd.ubuf.generation || bufD->m_id != bd.ubuf.id) {
                srbUpdate = true;
                bd.ubuf.id = bufD->m_id;
                bd.ubuf.generation = bufD->generation;
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::SampledTexture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Texture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Sampler:
        {
            const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::TextureAndOrSamplerData *data = &b->u.stex;
            if (bd.stex.count != data->count) {
                bd.stex.count = data->count;
                srbUpdate = true;
            }
            for (int elem = 0; elem < data->count; ++elem) {
                QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, data->texSamplers[elem].tex);
                QD3D11Sampler *samplerD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Sampler, data->texSamplers[elem].sampler);
                // We use the same code path for both combined and separate
                // images and samplers, so tex or sampler (but not both) can be
                // null here.
                Q_ASSERT(texD || samplerD);
                const quint64 texId = texD ? texD->m_id : 0;
                const uint texGen = texD ? texD->generation : 0;
                const quint64 samplerId = samplerD ? samplerD->m_id : 0;
                const uint samplerGen = samplerD ? samplerD->generation : 0;
                if (texGen != bd.stex.d[elem].texGeneration
                        || texId != bd.stex.d[elem].texId
                        || samplerGen != bd.stex.d[elem].samplerGeneration
                        || samplerId != bd.stex.d[elem].samplerId)
                {
                    srbUpdate = true;
                    bd.stex.d[elem].texId = texId;
                    bd.stex.d[elem].texGeneration = texGen;
                    bd.stex.d[elem].samplerId = samplerId;
                    bd.stex.d[elem].samplerGeneration = samplerGen;
                }
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, b->u.simage.tex);
            if (texD->generation != bd.simage.generation || texD->m_id != bd.simage.id) {
                srbUpdate = true;
                bd.simage.id = texD->m_id;
                bd.simage.generation = texD->generation;
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, b->u.sbuf.buf);
            if (bufD->generation != bd.sbuf.generation || bufD->m_id != bd.sbuf.id) {
                srbUpdate = true;
                bd.sbuf.id = bufD->m_id;
                bd.sbuf.generation = bufD->generation;
            }
        }
            break;
        default:
            Q_UNREACHABLE();
            break;
        }
    }
 
    if (srbUpdate) {
        const QShader::NativeResourceBindingMap *resBindMaps[RBM_SUPPORTED_STAGES];
        memset(resBindMaps, 0, sizeof(resBindMaps));
        if (gfxPsD) {
            resBindMaps[RBM_VERTEX] = &gfxPsD->vs.nativeResourceBindingMap;
            resBindMaps[RBM_HULL] = &gfxPsD->hs.nativeResourceBindingMap;
            resBindMaps[RBM_DOMAIN] = &gfxPsD->ds.nativeResourceBindingMap;
            resBindMaps[RBM_GEOMETRY] = &gfxPsD->gs.nativeResourceBindingMap;
            resBindMaps[RBM_FRAGMENT] = &gfxPsD->fs.nativeResourceBindingMap;
        } else {
            resBindMaps[RBM_COMPUTE] = &compPsD->cs.nativeResourceBindingMap;
        }
        updateShaderResourceBindings(srbD, resBindMaps);
    }
 
    const bool srbChanged = gfxPsD ? (cbD->currentGraphicsSrb != srb) : (cbD->currentComputeSrb != srb);
    const bool srbRebuilt = cbD->currentSrbGeneration != srbD->generation;
 
    if (srbChanged || srbRebuilt || srbUpdate || srbD->hasDynamicOffset) {
        if (gfxPsD) {
            cbD->currentGraphicsSrb = srb;
            cbD->currentComputeSrb = nullptr;
        } else {
            cbD->currentGraphicsSrb = nullptr;
            cbD->currentComputeSrb = srb;
        }
        cbD->currentSrbGeneration = srbD->generation;
 
        QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
        cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindShaderResources;
        cmd.args.bindShaderResources.srb = srbD;
        // dynamic offsets have to be applied at the time of executing the bind
        // operations, not here
        cmd.args.bindShaderResources.offsetOnlyChange = !srbChanged && !srbRebuilt && !srbUpdate && srbD->hasDynamicOffset;
        cmd.args.bindShaderResources.dynamicOffsetCount = 0;
        if (srbD->hasDynamicOffset) {
            if (dynamicOffsetCount < QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_DYNAMIC_OFFSET_COUNT) {
                cmd.args.bindShaderResources.dynamicOffsetCount = dynamicOffsetCount;
                uint *p = cmd.args.bindShaderResources.dynamicOffsetPairs;
                for (int i = 0; i < dynamicOffsetCount; ++i) {
                    const QRhiCommandBuffer::DynamicOffset &dynOfs(dynamicOffsets[i]);
                    const uint binding = uint(dynOfs.first);
                    Q_ASSERT(aligned(dynOfs.second, 256u) == dynOfs.second);
                    const quint32 offsetInConstants = dynOfs.second / 16;
                    *p++ = binding;
                    *p++ = offsetInConstants;
                }
            } else {
                qWarning("Too many dynamic offsets (%d, max is %d)",
                         dynamicOffsetCount, QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_DYNAMIC_OFFSET_COUNT);
            }
        }
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setVertexInput(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                               int startBinding, int bindingCount, const QRhiCommandBuffer::VertexInput *bindings,
                               QRhiBuffer *indexBuf, quint32 indexOffset, QRhiCommandBuffer::IndexFormat indexFormat)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    bool needsBindVBuf = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < bindingCount; ++i) {
        const int inputSlot = startBinding + i;
        QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, bindings[i].first);
        Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::VertexBuffer));
        if (bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic)
            executeBufferHostWrites(bufD);
 
        if (cbD->currentVertexBuffers[inputSlot] != bufD->buffer
                || cbD->currentVertexOffsets[inputSlot] != bindings[i].second)
        {
            needsBindVBuf = true;
            cbD->currentVertexBuffers[inputSlot] = bufD->buffer;
            cbD->currentVertexOffsets[inputSlot] = bindings[i].second;
        }
    }
 
    if (needsBindVBuf) {
        QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
        cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindVertexBuffers;
        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.startSlot = startBinding;
        if (bindingCount > QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_COUNT) {
            qWarning("Too many vertex buffer bindings (%d, max is %d)",
                     bindingCount, QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_COUNT);
            bindingCount = QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_VERTEX_BUFFER_BINDING_COUNT;
        }
        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.slotCount = bindingCount;
        QD3D11GraphicsPipeline *psD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
        const QRhiVertexInputLayout &inputLayout(psD->m_vertexInputLayout);
        const int inputBindingCount = inputLayout.cendBindings() - inputLayout.cbeginBindings();
        for (int i = 0, ie = qMin(bindingCount, inputBindingCount); i != ie; ++i) {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, bindings[i].first);
            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.buffers[i] = bufD->buffer;
            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.offsets[i] = bindings[i].second;
            cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.strides[i] = inputLayout.bindingAt(i)->stride();
        }
    }
 
    if (indexBuf) {
        QD3D11Buffer *ibufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, indexBuf);
        Q_ASSERT(ibufD->m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::IndexBuffer));
        if (ibufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic)
            executeBufferHostWrites(ibufD);
 
        const DXGI_FORMAT dxgiFormat = indexFormat == QRhiCommandBuffer::IndexUInt16 ? DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT
                                                                                     : DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
        if (cbD->currentIndexBuffer != ibufD->buffer
                || cbD->currentIndexOffset != indexOffset
                || cbD->currentIndexFormat != dxgiFormat)
        {
            cbD->currentIndexBuffer = ibufD->buffer;
            cbD->currentIndexOffset = indexOffset;
            cbD->currentIndexFormat = dxgiFormat;
 
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindIndexBuffer;
            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.buffer = ibufD->buffer;
            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.offset = indexOffset;
            cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.format = dxgiFormat;
        }
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setViewport(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiViewport &viewport)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->currentTarget);
    const QSize outputSize = cbD->currentTarget->pixelSize();
 
    // d3d expects top-left, QRhiViewport is bottom-left
    float x, y, w, h;
    if (!qrhi_toTopLeftRenderTargetRect<UnBounded>(outputSize, viewport.viewport(), &x, &y, &w, &h))
        return;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Viewport;
    cmd.args.viewport.x = x;
    cmd.args.viewport.y = y;
    cmd.args.viewport.w = w;
    cmd.args.viewport.h = h;
    cmd.args.viewport.d0 = viewport.minDepth();
    cmd.args.viewport.d1 = viewport.maxDepth();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setScissor(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QRhiScissor &scissor)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->currentTarget);
    const QSize outputSize = cbD->currentTarget->pixelSize();
 
    // d3d expects top-left, QRhiScissor is bottom-left
    int x, y, w, h;
    if (!qrhi_toTopLeftRenderTargetRect<Bounded>(outputSize, scissor.scissor(), &x, &y, &w, &h))
        return;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Scissor;
    cmd.args.scissor.x = x;
    cmd.args.scissor.y = y;
    cmd.args.scissor.w = w;
    cmd.args.scissor.h = h;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setBlendConstants(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QColor &c)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BlendConstants;
    cmd.args.blendConstants.ps = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    cmd.args.blendConstants.c[0] = float(c.redF());
    cmd.args.blendConstants.c[1] = float(c.greenF());
    cmd.args.blendConstants.c[2] = float(c.blueF());
    cmd.args.blendConstants.c[3] = float(c.alphaF());
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setStencilRef(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 refValue)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::StencilRef;
    cmd.args.stencilRef.ps = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    cmd.args.stencilRef.ref = refValue;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::draw(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 vertexCount,
                     quint32 instanceCount, quint32 firstVertex, quint32 firstInstance)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Draw;
    cmd.args.draw.ps = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    cmd.args.draw.vertexCount = vertexCount;
    cmd.args.draw.instanceCount = instanceCount;
    cmd.args.draw.firstVertex = firstVertex;
    cmd.args.draw.firstInstance = firstInstance;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::drawIndexed(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, quint32 indexCount,
                            quint32 instanceCount, quint32 firstIndex, qint32 vertexOffset, quint32 firstInstance)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DrawIndexed;
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.ps = QRHI_RES(QD3D11GraphicsPipeline, cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline);
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.indexCount = indexCount;
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.instanceCount = instanceCount;
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstIndex = firstIndex;
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.vertexOffset = vertexOffset;
    cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstInstance = firstInstance;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::debugMarkBegin(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &name)
{
    if (!debugMarkers || !annotations)
        return;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkBegin;
    qstrncpy(cmd.args.debugMark.s, name.constData(), sizeof(cmd.args.debugMark.s));
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::debugMarkEnd(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    if (!debugMarkers || !annotations)
        return;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkEnd;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::debugMarkMsg(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, const QByteArray &msg)
{
    if (!debugMarkers || !annotations)
        return;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkMsg;
    qstrncpy(cmd.args.debugMark.s, msg.constData(), sizeof(cmd.args.debugMark.s));
}
 
const QRhiNativeHandles *QRhiD3D11::nativeHandles(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    Q_UNUSED(cb);
    return nullptr;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::beginExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    executeCommandBuffer(cbD);
    cbD->resetCommands();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::endExternal(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->commands.isEmpty());
    cbD->resetCachedState();
    if (cbD->currentTarget) { // could be compute, no rendertarget then
        QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &fbCmd(cbD->commands.get());
        fbCmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::SetRenderTarget;
        fbCmd.args.setRenderTarget.rt = cbD->currentTarget;
    }
}
 
double QRhiD3D11::lastCompletedGpuTime(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    return cbD->lastGpuTime;
}
 
static inline QD3D11RenderTargetData *rtData(QRhiRenderTarget *rt)
{
    switch (rt->resourceType()) {
    case QRhiResource::SwapChainRenderTarget:
        return &QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget, rt)->d;
    case QRhiResource::TextureRenderTarget:
        return &QRHI_RES(QD3D11TextureRenderTarget, rt)->d;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return nullptr;
    }
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::beginFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
 
    QD3D11SwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChain, swapChain);
    contextState.currentSwapChain = swapChainD;
    const int currentFrameSlot = swapChainD->currentFrameSlot;
 
    swapChainD->cb.resetState();
 
    swapChainD->rt.d.rtv[0] = swapChainD->sampleDesc.Count > 1 ?
                swapChainD->msaaRtv[currentFrameSlot] : swapChainD->backBufferRtv;
    swapChainD->rt.d.dsv = swapChainD->ds ? swapChainD->ds->dsv : nullptr;
 
    finishActiveReadbacks();
 
    if (swapChainD->timestamps.active[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex]) {
        double elapsedSec = 0;
        if (swapChainD->timestamps.tryQueryTimestamps(swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex, context, &elapsedSec))
            swapChainD->cb.lastGpuTime = elapsedSec;
    }
 
    ID3D11Query *tsStart = swapChainD->timestamps.query[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex * 2];
    ID3D11Query *tsDisjoint = swapChainD->timestamps.disjointQuery[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex];
    const bool recordTimestamps = tsStart && tsDisjoint && !swapChainD->timestamps.active[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex];
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(swapChainD->cb.commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BeginFrame;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.tsQuery = recordTimestamps ? tsStart : nullptr;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.tsDisjointQuery = recordTimestamps ? tsDisjoint : nullptr;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.swapchainData = rtData(&swapChainD->rt);
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::endFrame(QRhiSwapChain *swapChain, QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
{
    QD3D11SwapChain *swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChain, swapChain);
    Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain = swapChainD);
    const int currentFrameSlot = swapChainD->currentFrameSlot;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(swapChainD->cb.commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::EndFrame;
    cmd.args.endFrame.tsQuery = nullptr; // done later manually, see below
    cmd.args.endFrame.tsDisjointQuery = nullptr;
 
    // send all commands to the context
    executeCommandBuffer(&swapChainD->cb);
 
    if (swapChainD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        context->ResolveSubresource(swapChainD->backBufferTex, 0,
                                    swapChainD->msaaTex[currentFrameSlot], 0,
                                    swapChainD->colorFormat);
    }
 
    // this is here because we want to include the time spent on the ResolveSubresource as well
    ID3D11Query *tsEnd = swapChainD->timestamps.query[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex * 2 + 1];
    ID3D11Query *tsDisjoint = swapChainD->timestamps.disjointQuery[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex];
    const bool recordTimestamps = tsEnd && tsDisjoint && !swapChainD->timestamps.active[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex];
    if (recordTimestamps) {
        context->End(tsEnd);
        context->End(tsDisjoint);
        swapChainD->timestamps.active[swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex] = true;
        swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex = (swapChainD->currentTimestampPairIndex + 1) % QD3D11SwapChainTimestamps::TIMESTAMP_PAIRS;
    }
 
    if (!flags.testFlag(QRhi::SkipPresent)) {
        UINT presentFlags = 0;
        if (swapChainD->swapInterval == 0 && (swapChainD->swapChainFlags & DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING))
            presentFlags |= DXGI_PRESENT_ALLOW_TEARING;
        if (!swapChainD->swapChain) {
            qWarning("Failed to present: IDXGISwapChain is unavailable");
            return QRhi::FrameOpError;
        }
        HRESULT hr = swapChainD->swapChain->Present(swapChainD->swapInterval, presentFlags);
        if (hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED || hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_RESET) {
            qWarning("Device loss detected in Present()");
            deviceLost = true;
            return QRhi::FrameOpDeviceLost;
        } else if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to present: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return QRhi::FrameOpError;
        }
 
        if (dcompDevice && swapChainD->dcompTarget && swapChainD->dcompVisual)
            dcompDevice->Commit();
 
        // move on to the next buffer
        swapChainD->currentFrameSlot = (swapChainD->currentFrameSlot + 1) % QD3D11SwapChain::BUFFER_COUNT;
    } else {
        context->Flush();
    }
 
    swapChainD->frameCount += 1;
    contextState.currentSwapChain = nullptr;
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::beginOffscreenFrame(QRhiCommandBuffer **cb, QRhi::BeginFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
    ofr.active = true;
 
    ofr.cbWrapper.resetState();
    *cb = &ofr.cbWrapper;
 
    if (rhiFlags.testFlag(QRhi::EnableTimestamps)) {
        D3D11_QUERY_DESC queryDesc = {};
        if (!ofr.tsDisjointQuery) {
            queryDesc.Query = D3D11_QUERY_TIMESTAMP_DISJOINT;
            HRESULT hr = dev->CreateQuery(&queryDesc, &ofr.tsDisjointQuery);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create timestamp disjoint query: %s",
                         qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return QRhi::FrameOpError;
            }
        }
        queryDesc.Query = D3D11_QUERY_TIMESTAMP;
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
            if (!ofr.tsQueries[i]) {
                HRESULT hr = dev->CreateQuery(&queryDesc, &ofr.tsQueries[i]);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create timestamp query: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return QRhi::FrameOpError;
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(ofr.cbWrapper.commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BeginFrame;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.tsQuery = ofr.tsQueries[0] ? ofr.tsQueries[0] : nullptr;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.tsDisjointQuery = ofr.tsDisjointQuery ? ofr.tsDisjointQuery : nullptr;
    cmd.args.beginFrame.swapchainData = nullptr;
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::endOffscreenFrame(QRhi::EndFrameFlags flags)
{
    Q_UNUSED(flags);
    ofr.active = false;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(ofr.cbWrapper.commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::EndFrame;
    cmd.args.endFrame.tsQuery = ofr.tsQueries[1] ? ofr.tsQueries[1] : nullptr;
    cmd.args.endFrame.tsDisjointQuery = ofr.tsDisjointQuery ? ofr.tsDisjointQuery : nullptr;
 
    executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
    context->Flush();
 
    finishActiveReadbacks();
 
    if (ofr.tsQueries[0]) {
        quint64 timestamps[2];
        D3D11_QUERY_DATA_TIMESTAMP_DISJOINT dj;
        HRESULT hr;
        bool ok = true;
        do {
            hr = context->GetData(ofr.tsDisjointQuery, &dj, sizeof(dj), 0);
        } while (hr == S_FALSE);
        ok &= hr == S_OK;
        do {
            hr = context->GetData(ofr.tsQueries[1], &timestamps[1], sizeof(quint64), 0);
        } while (hr == S_FALSE);
        ok &= hr == S_OK;
        do {
            hr = context->GetData(ofr.tsQueries[0], &timestamps[0], sizeof(quint64), 0);
        } while (hr == S_FALSE);
        ok &= hr == S_OK;
        if (ok) {
            if (!dj.Disjoint && dj.Frequency) {
                const float elapsedMs = (timestamps[1] - timestamps[0]) / float(dj.Frequency) * 1000.0f;
                ofr.cbWrapper.lastGpuTime = elapsedMs / 1000.0;
            }
        }
    }
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DTextureFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format, QRhiTexture::Flags flags)
{
    const bool srgb = flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::sRGB);
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA8:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BGRA8:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::R8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RG8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::R16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RG16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::RED_OR_ALPHA8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA16F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::RGBA32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::R16F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::R32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
 
    case QRhiTexture::RGB10A2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS;
 
    case QRhiTexture::BC1:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC2:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC3:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC5:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::BC6H:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16;
    case QRhiTexture::BC7:
        return srgb ? DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB : DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8:
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGB8A1:
    case QRhiTexture::ETC2_RGBA8:
        qWarning("QRhiD3D11 does not support ETC2 textures");
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
 
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_4x4:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_5x4:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_5x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_6x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_6x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_8x8:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x5:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x6:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x8:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_10x10:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x10:
    case QRhiTexture::ASTC_12x12:
        qWarning("QRhiD3D11 does not support ASTC textures");
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
 
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    }
}
 
static inline QRhiTexture::Format swapchainReadbackTextureFormat(DXGI_FORMAT format, QRhiTexture::Flags *flags)
{
    switch (format) {
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
        if (flags)
            (*flags) |= QRhiTexture::sRGB;
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::BGRA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
        if (flags)
            (*flags) |= QRhiTexture::sRGB;
        return QRhiTexture::BGRA8;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA16F;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT:
        return QRhiTexture::RGBA32F;
    case DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM:
        return QRhiTexture::RGB10A2;
    default:
        qWarning("DXGI_FORMAT %d cannot be read back", format);
        break;
    }
    return QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat;
}
 
static inline bool isDepthTextureFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return true;
 
    default:
        return false;
    }
}
 
QRhi::FrameOpResult QRhiD3D11::finish()
{
    if (inFrame) {
        if (ofr.active) {
            Q_ASSERT(!contextState.currentSwapChain);
            Q_ASSERT(ofr.cbWrapper.recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
            executeCommandBuffer(&ofr.cbWrapper);
            ofr.cbWrapper.resetCommands();
        } else {
            Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain);
            Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain->cb.recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
            executeCommandBuffer(&contextState.currentSwapChain->cb);
            contextState.currentSwapChain->cb.resetCommands();
        }
    }
 
    finishActiveReadbacks();
 
    return QRhi::FrameOpSuccess;
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::enqueueSubresUpload(QD3D11Texture *texD, QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD,
                                    int layer, int level, const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc)
{
    const bool is3D = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
    UINT subres = D3D11CalcSubresource(UINT(level), is3D ? 0u : UINT(layer), texD->mipLevelCount);
    D3D11_BOX box;
    box.front = is3D ? UINT(layer) : 0u;
    // back, right, bottom are exclusive
    box.back = box.front + 1;
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::UpdateSubRes;
    cmd.args.updateSubRes.dst = texD->textureResource();
    cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstSubRes = subres;
 
    const QPoint dp = subresDesc.destinationTopLeft();
    if (!subresDesc.image().isNull()) {
        QImage img = subresDesc.image();
        QSize size = img.size();
        int bpl = img.bytesPerLine();
        if (!subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty() || !subresDesc.sourceTopLeft().isNull()) {
            const QPoint sp = subresDesc.sourceTopLeft();
            if (!subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty())
                size = subresDesc.sourceSize();
            if (img.depth() == 32) {
                const int offset = sp.y() * img.bytesPerLine() + sp.x() * 4;
                cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainImage(img) + offset;
            } else {
                img = img.copy(sp.x(), sp.y(), size.width(), size.height());
                bpl = img.bytesPerLine();
                cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainImage(img);
            }
        } else {
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainImage(img);
        }
        box.left = UINT(dp.x());
        box.top = UINT(dp.y());
        box.right = UINT(dp.x() + size.width());
        box.bottom = UINT(dp.y() + size.height());
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.hasDstBox = true;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstBox = box;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.srcRowPitch = UINT(bpl);
    } else if (!subresDesc.data().isEmpty() && isCompressedFormat(texD->m_format)) {
        const QSize size = subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty() ? q->sizeForMipLevel(level, texD->m_pixelSize)
                                                             : subresDesc.sourceSize();
        quint32 bpl = 0;
        QSize blockDim;
        compressedFormatInfo(texD->m_format, size, &bpl, nullptr, &blockDim);
        // Everything must be a multiple of the block width and
        // height, so e.g. a mip level of size 2x2 will be 4x4 when it
        // comes to the actual data.
        box.left = UINT(aligned(dp.x(), blockDim.width()));
        box.top = UINT(aligned(dp.y(), blockDim.height()));
        box.right = UINT(aligned(dp.x() + size.width(), blockDim.width()));
        box.bottom = UINT(aligned(dp.y() + size.height(), blockDim.height()));
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.hasDstBox = true;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstBox = box;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainData(subresDesc.data());
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.srcRowPitch = bpl;
    } else if (!subresDesc.data().isEmpty()) {
        const QSize size = subresDesc.sourceSize().isEmpty() ? q->sizeForMipLevel(level, texD->m_pixelSize)
                                                             : subresDesc.sourceSize();
        quint32 bpl = 0;
        if (subresDesc.dataStride())
            bpl = subresDesc.dataStride();
        else
            textureFormatInfo(texD->m_format, size, &bpl, nullptr, nullptr);
        box.left = UINT(dp.x());
        box.top = UINT(dp.y());
        box.right = UINT(dp.x() + size.width());
        box.bottom = UINT(dp.y() + size.height());
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.hasDstBox = true;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstBox = box;
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainData(subresDesc.data());
        cmd.args.updateSubRes.srcRowPitch = bpl;
    } else {
        qWarning("Invalid texture upload for %p layer=%d mip=%d", texD, layer, level);
        cbD->commands.unget();
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::enqueueResourceUpdates(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate *ud = QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::get(resourceUpdates);
 
    for (int opIdx = 0; opIdx < ud->activeBufferOpCount; ++opIdx) {
        const QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp &u(ud->bufferOps[opIdx]);
        if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::DynamicUpdate) {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, u.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            memcpy(bufD->dynBuf + u.offset, u.data.constData(), size_t(u.data.size()));
            bufD->hasPendingDynamicUpdates = true;
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::StaticUpload) {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, u.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type != QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
            Q_ASSERT(u.offset + u.data.size() <= bufD->m_size);
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::UpdateSubRes;
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.dst = bufD->buffer;
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstSubRes = 0;
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.src = cbD->retainBufferData(u.data);
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.srcRowPitch = 0;
            // Specify the region (even when offset is 0 and all data is provided)
            // since the ID3D11Buffer's size is rounded up to be a multiple of 256
            // while the data we have has the original size.
            D3D11_BOX box;
            box.left = u.offset;
            box.top = box.front = 0;
            box.back = box.bottom = 1;
            box.right = u.offset + u.data.size(); // no -1: right, bottom, back are exclusive, see D3D11_BOX doc
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.hasDstBox = true;
            cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstBox = box;
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::BufferOp::Read) {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, u.buf);
            if (bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic) {
                u.result->data.resize(u.readSize);
                memcpy(u.result->data.data(), bufD->dynBuf + u.offset, size_t(u.readSize));
                if (u.result->completed)
                    u.result->completed();
            } else {
                BufferReadback readback;
                readback.result = u.result;
                readback.byteSize = u.readSize;
 
                D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
                desc.ByteWidth = readback.byteSize;
                desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_STAGING;
                desc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_READ;
                HRESULT hr = dev->CreateBuffer(&desc, nullptr, &readback.stagingBuf);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create buffer: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    continue;
                }
 
                QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
                cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::CopySubRes;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.dst = readback.stagingBuf;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.dstSubRes = 0;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.dstX = 0;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.dstY = 0;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.dstZ = 0;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.src = bufD->buffer;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.srcSubRes = 0;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.hasSrcBox = true;
                D3D11_BOX box;
                box.left = u.offset;
                box.top = box.front = 0;
                box.back = box.bottom = 1;
                box.right = u.offset + u.readSize;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.srcBox = box;
 
                activeBufferReadbacks.append(readback);
            }
        }
    }
    for (int opIdx = 0; opIdx < ud->activeTextureOpCount; ++opIdx) {
        const QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp &u(ud->textureOps[opIdx]);
        if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Upload) {
            QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, u.dst);
            for (int layer = 0, maxLayer = u.subresDesc.count(); layer < maxLayer; ++layer) {
                for (int level = 0; level < QRhi::MAX_MIP_LEVELS; ++level) {
                    for (const QRhiTextureSubresourceUploadDescription &subresDesc : std::as_const(u.subresDesc[layer][level]))
                        enqueueSubresUpload(texD, cbD, layer, level, subresDesc);
                }
            }
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Copy) {
            Q_ASSERT(u.src && u.dst);
            QD3D11Texture *srcD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, u.src);
            QD3D11Texture *dstD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, u.dst);
            const bool srcIs3D = srcD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
            const bool dstIs3D = dstD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
            UINT srcSubRes = D3D11CalcSubresource(UINT(u.desc.sourceLevel()), srcIs3D ? 0u : UINT(u.desc.sourceLayer()), srcD->mipLevelCount);
            UINT dstSubRes = D3D11CalcSubresource(UINT(u.desc.destinationLevel()), dstIs3D ? 0u : UINT(u.desc.destinationLayer()), dstD->mipLevelCount);
            const QPoint dp = u.desc.destinationTopLeft();
            const QSize mipSize = q->sizeForMipLevel(u.desc.sourceLevel(), srcD->m_pixelSize);
            const QSize copySize = u.desc.pixelSize().isEmpty() ? mipSize : u.desc.pixelSize();
            const QPoint sp = u.desc.sourceTopLeft();
            D3D11_BOX srcBox;
            srcBox.left = UINT(sp.x());
            srcBox.top = UINT(sp.y());
            srcBox.front = srcIs3D ? UINT(u.desc.sourceLayer()) : 0u;
            // back, right, bottom are exclusive
            srcBox.right = srcBox.left + UINT(copySize.width());
            srcBox.bottom = srcBox.top + UINT(copySize.height());
            srcBox.back = srcBox.front + 1;
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::CopySubRes;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dst = dstD->textureResource();
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstSubRes = dstSubRes;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstX = UINT(dp.x());
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstY = UINT(dp.y());
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstZ = dstIs3D ? UINT(u.desc.destinationLayer()) : 0u;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.src = srcD->textureResource();
            cmd.args.copySubRes.srcSubRes = srcSubRes;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.hasSrcBox = true;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.srcBox = srcBox;
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::Read) {
            TextureReadback readback;
            readback.desc = u.rb;
            readback.result = u.result;
 
            ID3D11Resource *src;
            DXGI_FORMAT dxgiFormat;
            QSize pixelSize;
            QRhiTexture::Format format;
            UINT subres = 0;
            QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, u.rb.texture());
            QD3D11SwapChain *swapChainD = nullptr;
            bool is3D = false;
 
            if (texD) {
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    qWarning("Multisample texture cannot be read back");
                    continue;
                }
                src = texD->textureResource();
                dxgiFormat = texD->dxgiFormat;
                pixelSize = q->sizeForMipLevel(u.rb.level(), texD->m_pixelSize);
                format = texD->m_format;
                is3D = texD->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional);
                subres = D3D11CalcSubresource(UINT(u.rb.level()), UINT(is3D ? 0 : u.rb.layer()), texD->mipLevelCount);
            } else {
                Q_ASSERT(contextState.currentSwapChain);
                swapChainD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChain, contextState.currentSwapChain);
                if (swapChainD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    // Unlike with textures, reading back a multisample swapchain image
                    // has to be supported. Insert a resolve.
                    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &rcmd(cbD->commands.get());
                    rcmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResolveSubRes;
                    rcmd.args.resolveSubRes.dst = swapChainD->backBufferTex;
                    rcmd.args.resolveSubRes.dstSubRes = 0;
                    rcmd.args.resolveSubRes.src = swapChainD->msaaTex[swapChainD->currentFrameSlot];
                    rcmd.args.resolveSubRes.srcSubRes = 0;
                    rcmd.args.resolveSubRes.format = swapChainD->colorFormat;
                }
                src = swapChainD->backBufferTex;
                dxgiFormat = swapChainD->colorFormat;
                pixelSize = swapChainD->pixelSize;
                format = swapchainReadbackTextureFormat(dxgiFormat, nullptr);
                if (format == QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat)
                    continue;
            }
            quint32 byteSize = 0;
            quint32 bpl = 0;
            textureFormatInfo(format, pixelSize, &bpl, &byteSize, nullptr);
 
            D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc = {};
            desc.Width = UINT(pixelSize.width());
            desc.Height = UINT(pixelSize.height());
            desc.MipLevels = 1;
            desc.ArraySize = 1;
            desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
            desc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
            desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_STAGING;
            desc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_READ;
            ID3D11Texture2D *stagingTex;
            HRESULT hr = dev->CreateTexture2D(&desc, nullptr, &stagingTex);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create readback staging texture: %s",
                    qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return;
            }
 
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::CopySubRes;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dst = stagingTex;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstSubRes = 0;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstX = 0;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstY = 0;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.dstZ = 0;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.src = src;
            cmd.args.copySubRes.srcSubRes = subres;
            if (is3D) {
                D3D11_BOX srcBox = {};
                srcBox.front = UINT(u.rb.layer());
                srcBox.right = desc.Width; // exclusive
                srcBox.bottom = desc.Height;
                srcBox.back = srcBox.front + 1;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.hasSrcBox = true;
                cmd.args.copySubRes.srcBox = srcBox;
            } else {
                cmd.args.copySubRes.hasSrcBox = false;
            }
 
            readback.stagingTex = stagingTex;
            readback.byteSize = byteSize;
            readback.bpl = bpl;
            readback.pixelSize = pixelSize;
            readback.format = format;
 
            activeTextureReadbacks.append(readback);
        } else if (u.type == QRhiResourceUpdateBatchPrivate::TextureOp::GenMips) {
            Q_ASSERT(u.dst->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::UsedWithGenerateMips));
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::GenMip;
            cmd.args.genMip.srv = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, u.dst)->srv;
        }
    }
 
    ud->free();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::finishActiveReadbacks()
{
    QVarLengthArray<std::function<void()>, 4> completedCallbacks;
 
    for (int i = activeTextureReadbacks.count() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        const QRhiD3D11::TextureReadback &readback(activeTextureReadbacks[i]);
        readback.result->format = readback.format;
        readback.result->pixelSize = readback.pixelSize;
 
        D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mp;
        HRESULT hr = context->Map(readback.stagingTex, 0, D3D11_MAP_READ, 0, &mp);
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
            readback.result->data.resize(int(readback.byteSize));
            // nothing says the rows are tightly packed in the texture, must take
            // the stride into account
            char *dst = readback.result->data.data();
            char *src = static_cast<char *>(mp.pData);
            for (int y = 0, h = readback.pixelSize.height(); y != h; ++y) {
                memcpy(dst, src, readback.bpl);
                dst += readback.bpl;
                src += mp.RowPitch;
            }
            context->Unmap(readback.stagingTex, 0);
        } else {
            qWarning("Failed to map readback staging texture: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        }
 
        readback.stagingTex->Release();
 
        if (readback.result->completed)
            completedCallbacks.append(readback.result->completed);
 
        activeTextureReadbacks.removeLast();
    }
 
    for (int i = activeBufferReadbacks.count() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        const QRhiD3D11::BufferReadback &readback(activeBufferReadbacks[i]);
 
        D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mp;
        HRESULT hr = context->Map(readback.stagingBuf, 0, D3D11_MAP_READ, 0, &mp);
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
            readback.result->data.resize(int(readback.byteSize));
            memcpy(readback.result->data.data(), mp.pData, readback.byteSize);
            context->Unmap(readback.stagingBuf, 0);
        } else {
            qWarning("Failed to map readback staging texture: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        }
 
        readback.stagingBuf->Release();
 
        if (readback.result->completed)
            completedCallbacks.append(readback.result->completed);
 
        activeBufferReadbacks.removeLast();
    }
 
    for (auto f : completedCallbacks)
        f();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::resourceUpdate(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    Q_ASSERT(QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb)->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::beginPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                          QRhiRenderTarget *rt,
                          const QColor &colorClearValue,
                          const QRhiDepthStencilClearValue &depthStencilClearValue,
                          QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates,
                          QRhiCommandBuffer::BeginPassFlags)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
 
    bool wantsColorClear = true;
    bool wantsDsClear = true;
    QD3D11RenderTargetData *rtD = rtData(rt);
    if (rt->resourceType() == QRhiRenderTarget::TextureRenderTarget) {
        QD3D11TextureRenderTarget *rtTex = QRHI_RES(QD3D11TextureRenderTarget, rt);
        wantsColorClear = !rtTex->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTextureRenderTarget::PreserveColorContents);
        wantsDsClear = !rtTex->m_flags.testFlag(QRhiTextureRenderTarget::PreserveDepthStencilContents);
        if (!QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::isUpToDate<QD3D11Texture, QD3D11RenderBuffer>(rtTex->description(), rtD->currentResIdList))
            rtTex->create();
    }
 
    cbD->commands.get().cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResetShaderResources;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &fbCmd(cbD->commands.get());
    fbCmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::SetRenderTarget;
    fbCmd.args.setRenderTarget.rt = rt;
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &clearCmd(cbD->commands.get());
    clearCmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Clear;
    clearCmd.args.clear.rt = rt;
    clearCmd.args.clear.mask = 0;
    if (rtD->colorAttCount && wantsColorClear)
        clearCmd.args.clear.mask |= QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Color;
    if (rtD->dsAttCount && wantsDsClear)
        clearCmd.args.clear.mask |= QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Depth | QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Stencil;
 
    clearCmd.args.clear.c[0] = float(colorClearValue.redF());
    clearCmd.args.clear.c[1] = float(colorClearValue.greenF());
    clearCmd.args.clear.c[2] = float(colorClearValue.blueF());
    clearCmd.args.clear.c[3] = float(colorClearValue.alphaF());
    clearCmd.args.clear.d = depthStencilClearValue.depthClearValue();
    clearCmd.args.clear.s = depthStencilClearValue.stencilClearValue();
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass;
    cbD->currentTarget = rt;
 
    cbD->resetCachedState();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::endPass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::RenderPass);
 
    if (cbD->currentTarget->resourceType() == QRhiResource::TextureRenderTarget) {
        QD3D11TextureRenderTarget *rtTex = QRHI_RES(QD3D11TextureRenderTarget, cbD->currentTarget);
        for (auto it = rtTex->m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = rtTex->m_desc.cendColorAttachments();
             it != itEnd; ++it)
        {
            const QRhiColorAttachment &colorAtt(*it);
            if (!colorAtt.resolveTexture())
                continue;
 
            QD3D11Texture *dstTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, colorAtt.resolveTexture());
            QD3D11Texture *srcTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, colorAtt.texture());
            QD3D11RenderBuffer *srcRbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderBuffer, colorAtt.renderBuffer());
            Q_ASSERT(srcTexD || srcRbD);
            QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
            cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResolveSubRes;
            cmd.args.resolveSubRes.dst = dstTexD->textureResource();
            cmd.args.resolveSubRes.dstSubRes = D3D11CalcSubresource(UINT(colorAtt.resolveLevel()),
                                                                    UINT(colorAtt.resolveLayer()),
                                                                    dstTexD->mipLevelCount);
            if (srcTexD) {
                cmd.args.resolveSubRes.src = srcTexD->textureResource();
                if (srcTexD->dxgiFormat != dstTexD->dxgiFormat) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source (%d) and destination (%d) formats do not match",
                             int(srcTexD->dxgiFormat), int(dstTexD->dxgiFormat));
                    cbD->commands.unget();
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcTexD->sampleDesc.Count <= 1) {
                    qWarning("Cannot resolve a non-multisample texture");
                    cbD->commands.unget();
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcTexD->m_pixelSize != dstTexD->m_pixelSize) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source and destination sizes do not match");
                    cbD->commands.unget();
                    continue;
                }
            } else {
                cmd.args.resolveSubRes.src = srcRbD->tex;
                if (srcRbD->dxgiFormat != dstTexD->dxgiFormat) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source (%d) and destination (%d) formats do not match",
                             int(srcRbD->dxgiFormat), int(dstTexD->dxgiFormat));
                    cbD->commands.unget();
                    continue;
                }
                if (srcRbD->m_pixelSize != dstTexD->m_pixelSize) {
                    qWarning("Resolve source and destination sizes do not match");
                    cbD->commands.unget();
                    continue;
                }
            }
            cmd.args.resolveSubRes.srcSubRes = D3D11CalcSubresource(0, UINT(colorAtt.layer()), 1);
            cmd.args.resolveSubRes.format = dstTexD->dxgiFormat;
        }
        if (rtTex->m_desc.depthResolveTexture())
            qWarning("Resolving multisample depth-stencil buffers is not supported with D3D");
    }
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass;
    cbD->currentTarget = nullptr;
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::beginComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb,
                                 QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates,
                                 QRhiCommandBuffer::BeginPassFlags)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass);
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResetShaderResources;
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D11CommandBuffer::ComputePass;
 
    cbD->resetCachedState();
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::endComputePass(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *resourceUpdates)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
    cbD->recordingPass = QD3D11CommandBuffer::NoPass;
 
    if (resourceUpdates)
        enqueueResourceUpdates(cb, resourceUpdates);
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::setComputePipeline(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, QRhiComputePipeline *ps)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
    QD3D11ComputePipeline *psD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11ComputePipeline, ps);
    const bool pipelineChanged = cbD->currentComputePipeline != ps || cbD->currentPipelineGeneration != psD->generation;
 
    if (pipelineChanged) {
        cbD->currentGraphicsPipeline = nullptr;
        cbD->currentComputePipeline = psD;
        cbD->currentPipelineGeneration = psD->generation;
 
        QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
        cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindComputePipeline;
        cmd.args.bindComputePipeline.ps = psD;
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::dispatch(QRhiCommandBuffer *cb, int x, int y, int z)
{
    QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11CommandBuffer, cb);
    Q_ASSERT(cbD->recordingPass == QD3D11CommandBuffer::ComputePass);
 
    QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(cbD->commands.get());
    cmd.cmd = QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Dispatch;
    cmd.args.dispatch.x = UINT(x);
    cmd.args.dispatch.y = UINT(y);
    cmd.args.dispatch.z = UINT(z);
}
 
static inline QPair<int, int> mapBinding(int binding,
                                         int stageIndex,
                                         const QShader::NativeResourceBindingMap *nativeResourceBindingMaps[])
{
    const QShader::NativeResourceBindingMap *map = nativeResourceBindingMaps[stageIndex];
    if (!map || map->isEmpty())
        return { binding, binding }; // assume 1:1 mapping
 
    auto it = map->constFind(binding);
    if (it != map->cend())
        return *it;
 
    // Hitting this path is normal too. It is not given that the resource is
    // present in the shaders for all the stages specified by the visibility
    // mask in the QRhiShaderResourceBinding.
    return { -1, -1 };
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::updateShaderResourceBindings(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings *srbD,
                                             const QShader::NativeResourceBindingMap *nativeResourceBindingMaps[])
{
    srbD->vsUniformBufferBatches.clear();
    srbD->hsUniformBufferBatches.clear();
    srbD->dsUniformBufferBatches.clear();
    srbD->gsUniformBufferBatches.clear();
    srbD->fsUniformBufferBatches.clear();
    srbD->csUniformBufferBatches.clear();
 
    srbD->vsSamplerBatches.clear();
    srbD->hsSamplerBatches.clear();
    srbD->dsSamplerBatches.clear();
    srbD->gsSamplerBatches.clear();
    srbD->fsSamplerBatches.clear();
    srbD->csSamplerBatches.clear();
 
    srbD->csUavBatches.clear();
 
    struct Stage {
        struct Buffer {
            int binding; // stored and sent along in XXorigbindings just for applyDynamicOffsets()
            int breg; // b0, b1, ...
            ID3D11Buffer *buffer;
            uint offsetInConstants;
            uint sizeInConstants;
        };
        struct Texture {
            int treg; // t0, t1, ...
            ID3D11ShaderResourceView *srv;
        };
        struct Sampler {
            int sreg; // s0, s1, ...
            ID3D11SamplerState *sampler;
        };
        struct Uav {
            int ureg;
            ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *uav;
        };
        QVarLengthArray<Buffer, 8> buffers;
        QVarLengthArray<Texture, 8> textures;
        QVarLengthArray<Sampler, 8> samplers;
        QVarLengthArray<Uav, 8> uavs;
        void buildBufferBatches(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::StageUniformBufferBatches &batches) const
        {
            for (const Buffer &buf : buffers) {
                batches.ubufs.feed(buf.breg, buf.buffer);
                batches.ubuforigbindings.feed(buf.breg, UINT(buf.binding));
                batches.ubufoffsets.feed(buf.breg, buf.offsetInConstants);
                batches.ubufsizes.feed(buf.breg, buf.sizeInConstants);
            }
            batches.finish();
        }
        void buildSamplerBatches(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::StageSamplerBatches &batches) const
        {
            for (const Texture &t : textures)
                batches.shaderresources.feed(t.treg, t.srv);
            for (const Sampler &s : samplers)
                batches.samplers.feed(s.sreg, s.sampler);
            batches.finish();
        }
        void buildUavBatches(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::StageUavBatches &batches) const
        {
            for (const Stage::Uav &u : uavs)
                batches.uavs.feed(u.ureg, u.uav);
            batches.finish();
        }
    } res[RBM_SUPPORTED_STAGES];
 
    for (int i = 0, ie = srbD->sortedBindings.count(); i != ie; ++i) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *b = shaderResourceBindingData(srbD->sortedBindings.at(i));
        QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::BoundResourceData &bd(srbD->boundResourceData[i]);
        switch (b->type) {
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer:
        {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, b->u.ubuf.buf);
            Q_ASSERT(aligned(b->u.ubuf.offset, 256u) == b->u.ubuf.offset);
            bd.ubuf.id = bufD->m_id;
            bd.ubuf.generation = bufD->generation;
            // Dynamic ubuf offsets are not considered here, those are baked in
            // at a later stage, which is good as vsubufoffsets and friends are
            // per-srb, not per-setShaderResources call. Other backends (GL,
            // Metal) are different in this respect since those do not store
            // per-srb vsubufoffsets etc. data so life's a bit easier for them.
            // But here we have to defer baking in the dynamic offset.
            const quint32 offsetInConstants = b->u.ubuf.offset / 16;
            // size must be 16 mult. (in constants, i.e. multiple of 256 bytes).
            // We can round up if needed since the buffers's actual size
            // (ByteWidth) is always a multiple of 256.
            const quint32 sizeInConstants = aligned(b->u.ubuf.maybeSize ? b->u.ubuf.maybeSize : bufD->m_size, 256u) / 16;
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::VertexStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_VERTEX, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_VERTEX].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TessellationControlStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_HULL, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_HULL].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TessellationEvaluationStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_DOMAIN, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_DOMAIN].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::GeometryStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_GEOMETRY, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_GEOMETRY].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_FRAGMENT, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_FRAGMENT].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ComputeStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_COMPUTE, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0)
                    res[RBM_COMPUTE].buffers.append({ b->binding, nativeBinding.first, bufD->buffer, offsetInConstants, sizeInConstants });
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::SampledTexture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Texture:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Sampler:
        {
            const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data::TextureAndOrSamplerData *data = &b->u.stex;
            bd.stex.count = data->count;
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingVert = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_VERTEX, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingHull = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_HULL, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingDomain = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_DOMAIN, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingGeom = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_GEOMETRY, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingFrag = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_FRAGMENT, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            const QPair<int, int> nativeBindingComp = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_COMPUTE, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
            // if SPIR-V binding b is mapped to tN and sN in HLSL, and it
            // is an array, then it will use tN, tN+1, tN+2, ..., and sN,
            // sN+1, sN+2, ...
            for (int elem = 0; elem < data->count; ++elem) {
                QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, data->texSamplers[elem].tex);
                QD3D11Sampler *samplerD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Sampler, data->texSamplers[elem].sampler);
                bd.stex.d[elem].texId = texD ? texD->m_id : 0;
                bd.stex.d[elem].texGeneration = texD ? texD->generation : 0;
                bd.stex.d[elem].samplerId = samplerD ? samplerD->m_id : 0;
                bd.stex.d[elem].samplerGeneration = samplerD ? samplerD->generation : 0;
                // Must handle all three cases (combined, separate, separate):
                //   first = texture binding, second = sampler binding
                //   first = texture binding
                //   first = sampler binding
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::VertexStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingVert.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingVert.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingVert.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_VERTEX].textures.append({ nativeBindingVert.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_VERTEX].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TessellationControlStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingHull.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingHull.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingHull.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_HULL].textures.append({ nativeBindingHull.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_HULL].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::TessellationEvaluationStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingDomain.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingDomain.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingDomain.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_DOMAIN].textures.append({ nativeBindingDomain.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_DOMAIN].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::GeometryStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingGeom.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingGeom.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingGeom.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_GEOMETRY].textures.append({ nativeBindingGeom.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_GEOMETRY].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingFrag.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingFrag.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingFrag.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_FRAGMENT].textures.append({ nativeBindingFrag.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_FRAGMENT].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
                if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ComputeStage)) {
                    const int samplerBinding = texD && samplerD ? nativeBindingComp.second
                                                                : (samplerD ? nativeBindingComp.first : -1);
                    if (nativeBindingComp.first >= 0 && texD)
                        res[RBM_COMPUTE].textures.append({ nativeBindingComp.first + elem, texD->srv });
                    if (samplerBinding >= 0)
                        res[RBM_COMPUTE].samplers.append({ samplerBinding + elem, samplerD->samplerState });
                }
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ImageLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, b->u.simage.tex);
            bd.simage.id = texD->m_id;
            bd.simage.generation = texD->generation;
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ComputeStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_COMPUTE, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0) {
                    ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *uav = texD->unorderedAccessViewForLevel(b->u.simage.level);
                    if (uav)
                        res[RBM_COMPUTE].uavs.append({ nativeBinding.first, uav });
                }
            } else {
                qWarning("Unordered access only supported at compute stage");
            }
        }
            break;
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoad:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferStore:
        case QRhiShaderResourceBinding::BufferLoadStore:
        {
            QD3D11Buffer *bufD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Buffer, b->u.sbuf.buf);
            bd.sbuf.id = bufD->m_id;
            bd.sbuf.generation = bufD->generation;
            if (b->stage.testFlag(QRhiShaderResourceBinding::ComputeStage)) {
                QPair<int, int> nativeBinding = mapBinding(b->binding, RBM_COMPUTE, nativeResourceBindingMaps);
                if (nativeBinding.first >= 0) {
                    ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *uav = bufD->unorderedAccessView(b->u.sbuf.offset);
                    if (uav)
                        res[RBM_COMPUTE].uavs.append({ nativeBinding.first, uav });
                }
            } else {
                qWarning("Unordered access only supported at compute stage");
            }
        }
            break;
        default:
            Q_UNREACHABLE();
            break;
        }
    }
 
    // QRhiBatchedBindings works with the native bindings and expects
    // sorted input. The pre-sorted QRhiShaderResourceBinding list (based
    // on the QRhi (SPIR-V) binding) is not helpful in this regard, so we
    // have to sort here every time.
    for (int stage = 0; stage < RBM_SUPPORTED_STAGES; ++stage) {
        std::sort(res[stage].buffers.begin(), res[stage].buffers.end(), [](const Stage::Buffer &a, const Stage::Buffer &b) {
            return a.breg < b.breg;
        });
        std::sort(res[stage].textures.begin(), res[stage].textures.end(), [](const Stage::Texture &a, const Stage::Texture &b) {
            return a.treg < b.treg;
        });
        std::sort(res[stage].samplers.begin(), res[stage].samplers.end(), [](const Stage::Sampler &a, const Stage::Sampler &b) {
            return a.sreg < b.sreg;
        });
        std::sort(res[stage].uavs.begin(), res[stage].uavs.end(), [](const Stage::Uav &a, const Stage::Uav &b) {
            return a.ureg < b.ureg;
        });
    }
 
    res[RBM_VERTEX].buildBufferBatches(srbD->vsUniformBufferBatches);
    res[RBM_HULL].buildBufferBatches(srbD->hsUniformBufferBatches);
    res[RBM_DOMAIN].buildBufferBatches(srbD->dsUniformBufferBatches);
    res[RBM_GEOMETRY].buildBufferBatches(srbD->gsUniformBufferBatches);
    res[RBM_FRAGMENT].buildBufferBatches(srbD->fsUniformBufferBatches);
    res[RBM_COMPUTE].buildBufferBatches(srbD->csUniformBufferBatches);
 
    res[RBM_VERTEX].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->vsSamplerBatches);
    res[RBM_HULL].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->hsSamplerBatches);
    res[RBM_DOMAIN].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->dsSamplerBatches);
    res[RBM_GEOMETRY].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->gsSamplerBatches);
    res[RBM_FRAGMENT].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->fsSamplerBatches);
    res[RBM_COMPUTE].buildSamplerBatches(srbD->csSamplerBatches);
 
    res[RBM_COMPUTE].buildUavBatches(srbD->csUavBatches);
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::executeBufferHostWrites(QD3D11Buffer *bufD)
{
    if (!bufD->hasPendingDynamicUpdates || bufD->m_size < 1)
        return;
 
    Q_ASSERT(bufD->m_type == QRhiBuffer::Dynamic);
    bufD->hasPendingDynamicUpdates = false;
    D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mp;
    HRESULT hr = context->Map(bufD->buffer, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mp);
    if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
        memcpy(mp.pData, bufD->dynBuf, bufD->m_size);
        context->Unmap(bufD->buffer, 0);
    } else {
        qWarning("Failed to map buffer: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
    }
}
 
static void applyDynamicOffsets(UINT *offsets,
                                int batchIndex,
                                const QRhiBatchedBindings<UINT> *originalBindings,
                                const QRhiBatchedBindings<UINT> *staticOffsets,
                                const uint *dynOfsPairs, int dynOfsPairCount)
{
    const int count = staticOffsets->batches[batchIndex].resources.count();
    // Make a copy of the offset list, the entries that have no corresponding
    // dynamic offset will continue to use the existing offset value.
    for (int b = 0; b < count; ++b) {
        offsets[b] = staticOffsets->batches[batchIndex].resources[b];
        for (int di = 0; di < dynOfsPairCount; ++di) {
            const uint binding = dynOfsPairs[2 * di];
            // binding is the SPIR-V style binding point here, nothing to do
            // with the native one.
            if (binding == originalBindings->batches[batchIndex].resources[b]) {
                const uint offsetInConstants = dynOfsPairs[2 * di + 1];
                offsets[b] = offsetInConstants;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
static inline uint clampedResourceCount(uint startSlot, int countSlots, uint maxSlots, const char *resType)
{
    if (startSlot + countSlots > maxSlots) {
        qWarning("Not enough D3D11 %s slots to bind %d resources starting at slot %d, max slots is %d",
                 resType, countSlots, startSlot, maxSlots);
        countSlots = maxSlots > startSlot ? maxSlots - startSlot : 0;
    }
    return countSlots;
}
 
#define SETUBUFBATCH(stagePrefixL, stagePrefixU) \
    if (srbD->stagePrefixL##UniformBufferBatches.present) { \
        const QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::StageUniformBufferBatches &batches(srbD->stagePrefixL##UniformBufferBatches); \
        for (int i = 0, ie = batches.ubufs.batches.count(); i != ie; ++i) { \
            const uint count = clampedResourceCount(batches.ubufs.batches[i].startBinding, \
                                                    batches.ubufs.batches[i].resources.count(), \
                                                    D3D11_COMMONSHADER_CONSTANT_BUFFER_API_SLOT_COUNT, \
                                                    #stagePrefixU " cbuf"); \
            if (count) { \
                if (!dynOfsPairCount) { \
                    context->stagePrefixU##SetConstantBuffers1(batches.ubufs.batches[i].startBinding, \
                                                   count, \
                                                   batches.ubufs.batches[i].resources.constData(), \
                                                   batches.ubufoffsets.batches[i].resources.constData(), \
                                                   batches.ubufsizes.batches[i].resources.constData()); \
                } else { \
                    applyDynamicOffsets(offsets, i, \
                                        &batches.ubuforigbindings, &batches.ubufoffsets, \
                                        dynOfsPairs, dynOfsPairCount); \
                    context->stagePrefixU##SetConstantBuffers1(batches.ubufs.batches[i].startBinding, \
                                                   count, \
                                                   batches.ubufs.batches[i].resources.constData(), \
                                                   offsets, \
                                                   batches.ubufsizes.batches[i].resources.constData()); \
                } \
            } \
        } \
    }
 
#define SETSAMPLERBATCH(stagePrefixL, stagePrefixU) \
    if (srbD->stagePrefixL##SamplerBatches.present) { \
        for (const auto &batch : srbD->stagePrefixL##SamplerBatches.samplers.batches) { \
            const uint count = clampedResourceCount(batch.startBinding, batch.resources.count(), \
                                                    D3D11_COMMONSHADER_SAMPLER_SLOT_COUNT, #stagePrefixU " sampler"); \
            if (count) \
                context->stagePrefixU##SetSamplers(batch.startBinding, count, batch.resources.constData()); \
        } \
        for (const auto &batch : srbD->stagePrefixL##SamplerBatches.shaderresources.batches) { \
            const uint count = clampedResourceCount(batch.startBinding, batch.resources.count(), \
                                                    D3D11_COMMONSHADER_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT, #stagePrefixU " SRV"); \
            if (count) { \
                context->stagePrefixU##SetShaderResources(batch.startBinding, count, batch.resources.constData()); \
                contextState.stagePrefixL##HighestActiveSrvBinding = qMax(contextState.stagePrefixL##HighestActiveSrvBinding, \
                                                              int(batch.startBinding + count) - 1); \
            } \
        } \
    }
 
#define SETUAVBATCH(stagePrefixL, stagePrefixU) \
    if (srbD->stagePrefixL##UavBatches.present) { \
        for (const auto &batch : srbD->stagePrefixL##UavBatches.uavs.batches) { \
            const uint count = clampedResourceCount(batch.startBinding, batch.resources.count(), \
                                                    D3D11_1_UAV_SLOT_COUNT, #stagePrefixU " UAV"); \
            if (count) { \
                context->stagePrefixU##SetUnorderedAccessViews(batch.startBinding, \
                                                   count, \
                                                   batch.resources.constData(), \
                                                   nullptr); \
                contextState.stagePrefixL##HighestActiveUavBinding = qMax(contextState.stagePrefixL##HighestActiveUavBinding, \
                                                              int(batch.startBinding + count) - 1); \
            } \
        } \
    }
 
void QRhiD3D11::bindShaderResources(QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings *srbD,
                                    const uint *dynOfsPairs, int dynOfsPairCount,
                                    bool offsetOnlyChange)
{
    UINT offsets[QD3D11CommandBuffer::MAX_DYNAMIC_OFFSET_COUNT];
 
    SETUBUFBATCH(vs, VS)
    SETUBUFBATCH(hs, HS)
    SETUBUFBATCH(ds, DS)
    SETUBUFBATCH(gs, GS)
    SETUBUFBATCH(fs, PS)
    SETUBUFBATCH(cs, CS)
 
    if (!offsetOnlyChange) {
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(vs, VS)
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(hs, HS)
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(ds, DS)
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(gs, GS)
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(fs, PS)
        SETSAMPLERBATCH(cs, CS)
 
        SETUAVBATCH(cs, CS)
    }
}
 
void QRhiD3D11::resetShaderResources()
{
    // Output cannot be bound on input etc.
 
    if (contextState.vsHasIndexBufferBound) {
        context->IASetIndexBuffer(nullptr, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0);
        contextState.vsHasIndexBufferBound = false;
    }
 
    if (contextState.vsHighestActiveVertexBufferBinding >= 0) {
        const int count = contextState.vsHighestActiveVertexBufferBinding + 1;
        QVarLengthArray<ID3D11Buffer *, D3D11_IA_VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT> nullbufs(count);
        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            nullbufs[i] = nullptr;
        QVarLengthArray<UINT, D3D11_IA_VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT> nullstrides(count);
        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            nullstrides[i] = 0;
        QVarLengthArray<UINT, D3D11_IA_VERTEX_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT> nulloffsets(count);
        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            nulloffsets[i] = 0;
        context->IASetVertexBuffers(0, UINT(count), nullbufs.constData(), nullstrides.constData(), nulloffsets.constData());
        contextState.vsHighestActiveVertexBufferBinding = -1;
    }
 
    int nullsrvCount = qMax(contextState.vsHighestActiveSrvBinding, contextState.fsHighestActiveSrvBinding);
    nullsrvCount = qMax(nullsrvCount, contextState.hsHighestActiveSrvBinding);
    nullsrvCount = qMax(nullsrvCount, contextState.dsHighestActiveSrvBinding);
    nullsrvCount = qMax(nullsrvCount, contextState.gsHighestActiveSrvBinding);
    nullsrvCount = qMax(nullsrvCount, contextState.csHighestActiveSrvBinding);
    nullsrvCount += 1;
    if (nullsrvCount > 0) {
        QVarLengthArray<ID3D11ShaderResourceView *,
                D3D11_COMMONSHADER_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT> nullsrvs(nullsrvCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < nullsrvs.count(); ++i)
            nullsrvs[i] = nullptr;
        if (contextState.vsHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->VSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.vsHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.vsHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
        if (contextState.hsHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->HSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.hsHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.hsHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
        if (contextState.dsHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->DSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.dsHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.dsHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
        if (contextState.gsHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->GSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.gsHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.gsHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
        if (contextState.fsHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->PSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.fsHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.fsHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
        if (contextState.csHighestActiveSrvBinding >= 0) {
            context->CSSetShaderResources(0, UINT(contextState.csHighestActiveSrvBinding + 1), nullsrvs.constData());
            contextState.csHighestActiveSrvBinding = -1;
        }
    }
 
    if (contextState.csHighestActiveUavBinding >= 0) {
        const int nulluavCount = contextState.csHighestActiveUavBinding + 1;
        QVarLengthArray<ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *,
                D3D11_COMMONSHADER_INPUT_RESOURCE_SLOT_COUNT> nulluavs(nulluavCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < nulluavCount; ++i)
            nulluavs[i] = nullptr;
        context->CSSetUnorderedAccessViews(0, UINT(nulluavCount), nulluavs.constData(), nullptr);
        contextState.csHighestActiveUavBinding = -1;
    }
}
 
#define SETSHADER(StageL, StageU) \
    if (psD->StageL.shader) { \
        context->StageU##SetShader(psD->StageL.shader, nullptr, 0); \
        currentShaderMask |= StageU##MaskBit; \
    } else if (currentShaderMask & StageU##MaskBit) { \
        context->StageU##SetShader(nullptr, nullptr, 0); \
        currentShaderMask &= ~StageU##MaskBit; \
    }
 
void QRhiD3D11::executeCommandBuffer(QD3D11CommandBuffer *cbD)
{
    quint32 stencilRef = 0;
    float blendConstants[] = { 1, 1, 1, 1 };
    enum ActiveShaderMask {
        VSMaskBit = 0x01,
        HSMaskBit = 0x02,
        DSMaskBit = 0x04,
        GSMaskBit = 0x08,
        PSMaskBit = 0x10
    };
    int currentShaderMask = 0xFF;
 
    for (auto it = cbD->commands.cbegin(), end = cbD->commands.cend(); it != end; ++it) {
        const QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command &cmd(*it);
        switch (cmd.cmd) {
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BeginFrame:
            if (cmd.args.beginFrame.tsDisjointQuery)
                context->Begin(cmd.args.beginFrame.tsDisjointQuery);
            if (cmd.args.beginFrame.tsQuery) {
                if (cmd.args.beginFrame.swapchainData) {
                    // The timestamps seem to include vsync time with Present(1), except
                    // when running on a non-primary gpu. This is not ideal. So try working
                    // it around by issuing a semi-fake OMSetRenderTargets early and
                    // writing the first timestamp only afterwards.
                    QD3D11RenderTargetData *rtD = cmd.args.beginFrame.swapchainData;
                    context->OMSetRenderTargets(UINT(rtD->colorAttCount), rtD->colorAttCount ? rtD->rtv : nullptr, rtD->dsv);
                }
                context->End(cmd.args.beginFrame.tsQuery); // no Begin() for D3D11_QUERY_TIMESTAMP
            }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::EndFrame:
            if (cmd.args.endFrame.tsQuery)
                context->End(cmd.args.endFrame.tsQuery);
            if (cmd.args.endFrame.tsDisjointQuery)
                context->End(cmd.args.endFrame.tsDisjointQuery);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResetShaderResources:
            resetShaderResources();
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::SetRenderTarget:
        {
            QD3D11RenderTargetData *rtD = rtData(cmd.args.setRenderTarget.rt);
            context->OMSetRenderTargets(UINT(rtD->colorAttCount), rtD->colorAttCount ? rtD->rtv : nullptr, rtD->dsv);
        }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Clear:
        {
            QD3D11RenderTargetData *rtD = rtData(cmd.args.clear.rt);
            if (cmd.args.clear.mask & QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Color) {
                for (int i = 0; i < rtD->colorAttCount; ++i)
                    context->ClearRenderTargetView(rtD->rtv[i], cmd.args.clear.c);
            }
            uint ds = 0;
            if (cmd.args.clear.mask & QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Depth)
                ds |= D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH;
            if (cmd.args.clear.mask & QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Stencil)
                ds |= D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL;
            if (ds)
                context->ClearDepthStencilView(rtD->dsv, ds, cmd.args.clear.d, UINT8(cmd.args.clear.s));
        }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Viewport:
        {
            D3D11_VIEWPORT v;
            v.TopLeftX = cmd.args.viewport.x;
            v.TopLeftY = cmd.args.viewport.y;
            v.Width = cmd.args.viewport.w;
            v.Height = cmd.args.viewport.h;
            v.MinDepth = cmd.args.viewport.d0;
            v.MaxDepth = cmd.args.viewport.d1;
            context->RSSetViewports(1, &v);
        }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Scissor:
        {
            D3D11_RECT r;
            r.left = cmd.args.scissor.x;
            r.top = cmd.args.scissor.y;
            // right and bottom are exclusive
            r.right = cmd.args.scissor.x + cmd.args.scissor.w;
            r.bottom = cmd.args.scissor.y + cmd.args.scissor.h;
            context->RSSetScissorRects(1, &r);
        }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindVertexBuffers:
            contextState.vsHighestActiveVertexBufferBinding = qMax<int>(
                        contextState.vsHighestActiveVertexBufferBinding,
                        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.startSlot + cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.slotCount - 1);
            context->IASetVertexBuffers(UINT(cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.startSlot),
                                        UINT(cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.slotCount),
                                        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.buffers,
                                        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.strides,
                                        cmd.args.bindVertexBuffers.offsets);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindIndexBuffer:
            contextState.vsHasIndexBufferBound = true;
            context->IASetIndexBuffer(cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.buffer,
                                      cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.format,
                                      cmd.args.bindIndexBuffer.offset);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindGraphicsPipeline:
        {
            QD3D11GraphicsPipeline *psD = cmd.args.bindGraphicsPipeline.ps;
            SETSHADER(vs, VS)
            SETSHADER(hs, HS)
            SETSHADER(ds, DS)
            SETSHADER(gs, GS)
            SETSHADER(fs, PS)
            context->IASetPrimitiveTopology(psD->d3dTopology);
            context->IASetInputLayout(psD->inputLayout); // may be null, that's ok
            context->OMSetDepthStencilState(psD->dsState, stencilRef);
            context->OMSetBlendState(psD->blendState, blendConstants, 0xffffffff);
            context->RSSetState(psD->rastState);
        }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindShaderResources:
            bindShaderResources(cmd.args.bindShaderResources.srb,
                                cmd.args.bindShaderResources.dynamicOffsetPairs,
                                cmd.args.bindShaderResources.dynamicOffsetCount,
                                cmd.args.bindShaderResources.offsetOnlyChange);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::StencilRef:
            stencilRef = cmd.args.stencilRef.ref;
            context->OMSetDepthStencilState(cmd.args.stencilRef.ps->dsState, stencilRef);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BlendConstants:
            memcpy(blendConstants, cmd.args.blendConstants.c, 4 * sizeof(float));
            context->OMSetBlendState(cmd.args.blendConstants.ps->blendState, blendConstants, 0xffffffff);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Draw:
            if (cmd.args.draw.ps) {
                if (cmd.args.draw.instanceCount == 1)
                    context->Draw(cmd.args.draw.vertexCount, cmd.args.draw.firstVertex);
                else
                    context->DrawInstanced(cmd.args.draw.vertexCount, cmd.args.draw.instanceCount,
                                           cmd.args.draw.firstVertex, cmd.args.draw.firstInstance);
            } else {
                qWarning("No graphics pipeline active for draw; ignored");
            }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DrawIndexed:
            if (cmd.args.drawIndexed.ps) {
                if (cmd.args.drawIndexed.instanceCount == 1)
                    context->DrawIndexed(cmd.args.drawIndexed.indexCount, cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstIndex,
                                         cmd.args.drawIndexed.vertexOffset);
                else
                    context->DrawIndexedInstanced(cmd.args.drawIndexed.indexCount, cmd.args.drawIndexed.instanceCount,
                                                  cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstIndex, cmd.args.drawIndexed.vertexOffset,
                                                  cmd.args.drawIndexed.firstInstance);
            } else {
                qWarning("No graphics pipeline active for drawIndexed; ignored");
            }
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::UpdateSubRes:
            context->UpdateSubresource(cmd.args.updateSubRes.dst, cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstSubRes,
                                       cmd.args.updateSubRes.hasDstBox ? &cmd.args.updateSubRes.dstBox : nullptr,
                                       cmd.args.updateSubRes.src, cmd.args.updateSubRes.srcRowPitch, 0);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::CopySubRes:
            context->CopySubresourceRegion(cmd.args.copySubRes.dst, cmd.args.copySubRes.dstSubRes,
                                           cmd.args.copySubRes.dstX, cmd.args.copySubRes.dstY, cmd.args.copySubRes.dstZ,
                                           cmd.args.copySubRes.src, cmd.args.copySubRes.srcSubRes,
                                           cmd.args.copySubRes.hasSrcBox ? &cmd.args.copySubRes.srcBox : nullptr);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::ResolveSubRes:
            context->ResolveSubresource(cmd.args.resolveSubRes.dst, cmd.args.resolveSubRes.dstSubRes,
                                        cmd.args.resolveSubRes.src, cmd.args.resolveSubRes.srcSubRes,
                                        cmd.args.resolveSubRes.format);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::GenMip:
            context->GenerateMips(cmd.args.genMip.srv);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkBegin:
            annotations->BeginEvent(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(QString::fromLatin1(cmd.args.debugMark.s).utf16()));
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkEnd:
            annotations->EndEvent();
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::DebugMarkMsg:
            annotations->SetMarker(reinterpret_cast<LPCWSTR>(QString::fromLatin1(cmd.args.debugMark.s).utf16()));
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::BindComputePipeline:
            context->CSSetShader(cmd.args.bindComputePipeline.ps->cs.shader, nullptr, 0);
            break;
        case QD3D11CommandBuffer::Command::Dispatch:
            context->Dispatch(cmd.args.dispatch.x, cmd.args.dispatch.y, cmd.args.dispatch.z);
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }
}
 
QD3D11Buffer::QD3D11Buffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Type type, UsageFlags usage, quint32 size)
    : QRhiBuffer(rhi, type, usage, size)
{
}
 
QD3D11Buffer::~QD3D11Buffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11Buffer::destroy()
{
    if (!buffer)
        return;
 
    buffer->Release();
    buffer = nullptr;
 
    delete[] dynBuf;
    dynBuf = nullptr;
 
    for (auto it = uavs.begin(), end = uavs.end(); it != end; ++it)
        it.value()->Release();
    uavs.clear();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline uint toD3DBufferUsage(QRhiBuffer::UsageFlags usage)
{
    int u = 0;
    if (usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::VertexBuffer))
        u |= D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    if (usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::IndexBuffer))
        u |= D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    if (usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer))
        u |= D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    if (usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer))
        u |= D3D11_BIND_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
    return uint(u);
}
 
bool QD3D11Buffer::create()
{
    if (buffer)
        destroy();
 
    if (m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer) && m_type != Dynamic) {
        qWarning("UniformBuffer must always be combined with Dynamic on D3D11");
        return false;
    }
 
    if (m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer) && m_type == Dynamic) {
        qWarning("StorageBuffer cannot be combined with Dynamic");
        return false;
    }
 
    const quint32 nonZeroSize = m_size <= 0 ? 256 : m_size;
    const quint32 roundedSize = aligned(nonZeroSize, m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer) ? 256u : 4u);
 
    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC desc = {};
    desc.ByteWidth = roundedSize;
    desc.Usage = m_type == Dynamic ? D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC : D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    desc.BindFlags = toD3DBufferUsage(m_usage);
    desc.CPUAccessFlags = m_type == Dynamic ? D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE : 0;
    desc.MiscFlags = m_usage.testFlag(QRhiBuffer::StorageBuffer) ? D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_BUFFER_ALLOW_RAW_VIEWS : 0;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateBuffer(&desc, nullptr, &buffer);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create buffer: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    if (m_type == Dynamic) {
        dynBuf = new char[nonZeroSize];
        hasPendingDynamicUpdates = false;
    }
 
    if (!m_objectName.isEmpty())
        buffer->SetPrivateData(WKPDID_D3DDebugObjectName, UINT(m_objectName.size()), m_objectName.constData());
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiBuffer::NativeBuffer QD3D11Buffer::nativeBuffer()
{
    if (m_type == Dynamic) {
        QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
        rhiD->executeBufferHostWrites(this);
    }
    return { { &buffer }, 1 };
}
 
char *QD3D11Buffer::beginFullDynamicBufferUpdateForCurrentFrame()
{
    // Shortcut the entire buffer update mechanism and allow the client to do
    // the host writes directly to the buffer. This will lead to unexpected
    // results when combined with QRhiResourceUpdateBatch-based updates for the
    // buffer, since dynBuf is left untouched and out of sync, but provides a
    // fast path for dynamic buffers that have all their content changed in
    // every frame.
    Q_ASSERT(m_type == Dynamic);
    D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mp;
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->context->Map(buffer, 0, D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, 0, &mp);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to map buffer: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return nullptr;
    }
    return static_cast<char *>(mp.pData);
}
 
void QD3D11Buffer::endFullDynamicBufferUpdateForCurrentFrame()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->context->Unmap(buffer, 0);
}
 
ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *QD3D11Buffer::unorderedAccessView(quint32 offset)
{
    auto it = uavs.find(offset);
    if (it != uavs.end())
        return it.value();
 
    // SPIRV-Cross generated HLSL uses RWByteAddressBuffer
    D3D11_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC desc = {};
    desc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS;
    desc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_BUFFER;
    desc.Buffer.FirstElement = offset / 4u;
    desc.Buffer.NumElements = aligned(m_size - offset, 4u) / 4u;
    desc.Buffer.Flags = D3D11_BUFFER_UAV_FLAG_RAW;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *uav = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateUnorderedAccessView(buffer, &desc, &uav);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create UAV: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    uavs[offset] = uav;
    return uav;
}
 
QD3D11RenderBuffer::QD3D11RenderBuffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Type type, const QSize &pixelSize,
                                       int sampleCount, QRhiRenderBuffer::Flags flags,
                                       QRhiTexture::Format backingFormatHint)
    : QRhiRenderBuffer(rhi, type, pixelSize, sampleCount, flags, backingFormatHint)
{
}
 
QD3D11RenderBuffer::~QD3D11RenderBuffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11RenderBuffer::destroy()
{
    if (!tex)
        return;
 
    if (dsv) {
        dsv->Release();
        dsv = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (rtv) {
        rtv->Release();
        rtv = nullptr;
    }
 
    tex->Release();
    tex = nullptr;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D11RenderBuffer::create()
{
    if (tex)
        destroy();
 
    if (m_pixelSize.isEmpty())
        return false;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleDesc(m_sampleCount);
 
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc = {};
    desc.Width = UINT(m_pixelSize.width());
    desc.Height = UINT(m_pixelSize.height());
    desc.MipLevels = 1;
    desc.ArraySize = 1;
    desc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
    desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
 
    if (m_type == Color) {
        dxgiFormat = m_backingFormatHint == QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat ? DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM
                                                                       : toD3DTextureFormat(m_backingFormatHint, {});
        desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture2D(&desc, nullptr, &tex);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create color renderbuffer: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
        rtvDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        rtvDesc.ViewDimension = desc.SampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                          : D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(tex, &rtvDesc, &rtv);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create rtv: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    } else if (m_type == DepthStencil) {
        dxgiFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
        desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture2D(&desc, nullptr, &tex);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create depth-stencil buffer: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC dsvDesc = {};
        dsvDesc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        dsvDesc.ViewDimension = desc.SampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                          : D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        hr = rhiD->dev->CreateDepthStencilView(tex, &dsvDesc, &dsv);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create dsv: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        return false;
    }
 
    if (!m_objectName.isEmpty())
        tex->SetPrivateData(WKPDID_D3DDebugObjectName, UINT(m_objectName.size()), m_objectName.constData());
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiTexture::Format QD3D11RenderBuffer::backingFormat() const
{
    if (m_backingFormatHint != QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat)
        return m_backingFormatHint;
    else
        return m_type == Color ? QRhiTexture::RGBA8 : QRhiTexture::UnknownFormat;
}
 
QD3D11Texture::QD3D11Texture(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Format format, const QSize &pixelSize, int depth,
                             int arraySize, int sampleCount, Flags flags)
    : QRhiTexture(rhi, format, pixelSize, depth, arraySize, sampleCount, flags)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < QRhi::MAX_MIP_LEVELS; ++i)
        perLevelViews[i] = nullptr;
}
 
QD3D11Texture::~QD3D11Texture()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11Texture::destroy()
{
    if (!tex && !tex3D && !tex1D)
        return;
 
    if (srv) {
        srv->Release();
        srv = nullptr;
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QRhi::MAX_MIP_LEVELS; ++i) {
        if (perLevelViews[i]) {
            perLevelViews[i]->Release();
            perLevelViews[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    if (owns) {
        if (tex)
            tex->Release();
        if (tex3D)
            tex3D->Release();
        if (tex1D)
            tex1D->Release();
    }
 
    tex = nullptr;
    tex3D = nullptr;
    tex1D = nullptr;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DDepthTextureSRVFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
    }
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(QRhiTexture::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D16:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D24S8:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    case QRhiTexture::Format::D32F:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT;
    }
}
 
bool QD3D11Texture::prepareCreate(QSize *adjustedSize)
{
    if (tex || tex3D || tex1D)
        destroy();
 
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool hasMipMaps = m_flags.testFlag(MipMapped);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    const QSize size = is1D ? QSize(qMax(1, m_pixelSize.width()), 1)
                            : (m_pixelSize.isEmpty() ? QSize(1, 1) : m_pixelSize);
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    dxgiFormat = toD3DTextureFormat(m_format, m_flags);
    mipLevelCount = uint(hasMipMaps ? rhiD->q->mipLevelsForSize(size) : 1);
    sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleDesc(m_sampleCount);
    if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
        if (isCube) {
            qWarning("Cubemap texture cannot be multisample");
            return false;
        }
        if (is3D) {
            qWarning("3D texture cannot be multisample");
            return false;
        }
        if (hasMipMaps) {
            qWarning("Multisample texture cannot have mipmaps");
            return false;
        }
    }
    if (isDepth && hasMipMaps) {
        qWarning("Depth texture cannot have mipmaps");
        return false;
    }
    if (isCube && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both cube and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (isArray && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both array and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (isCube && is1D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both cube and 1D");
        return false;
    }
    if (is1D && is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot be both 1D and 3D");
        return false;
    }
    if (m_depth > 1 && !is3D) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot have a depth of %d when it is not 3D", m_depth);
        return false;
    }
    if (m_arraySize > 0 && !isArray) {
        qWarning("Texture cannot have an array size of %d when it is not an array", m_arraySize);
        return false;
    }
    if (m_arraySize < 1 && isArray) {
        qWarning("Texture is an array but array size is %d", m_arraySize);
        return false;
    }
 
    if (adjustedSize)
        *adjustedSize = size;
 
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D11Texture::finishCreate()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    D3D11_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC srvDesc = {};
    srvDesc.Format = isDepth ? toD3DDepthTextureSRVFormat(m_format) : dxgiFormat;
    if (isCube) {
        srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBE;
        srvDesc.TextureCube.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
    } else {
        if (is1D) {
            if (isArray) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
                srvDesc.Texture1DArray.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
                srvDesc.Texture1D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            }
        } else if (isArray) {
            if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
                if (m_arrayRangeStart >= 0 && m_arrayRangeLength >= 0) {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(m_arrayRangeStart);
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(m_arrayRangeLength);
                } else {
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                    srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
            } else if (is3D) {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                srvDesc.Texture3D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            } else {
                srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                srvDesc.Texture2D.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
            }
        }
    }
 
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateShaderResourceView(textureResource(), &srvDesc, &srv);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create srv: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    generation += 1;
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D11Texture::create()
{
    QSize size;
    if (!prepareCreate(&size))
        return false;
 
    const bool isDepth = isDepthTextureFormat(m_format);
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool is1D = m_flags.testFlag(OneDimensional);
 
    uint bindFlags = D3D11_BIND_SHADER_RESOURCE;
    uint miscFlags = isCube ? D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_TEXTURECUBE : 0;
    if (m_flags.testFlag(RenderTarget)) {
        if (isDepth)
            bindFlags |= D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
        else
            bindFlags |= D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;
    }
    if (m_flags.testFlag(UsedWithGenerateMips)) {
        if (isDepth) {
            qWarning("Depth texture cannot have mipmaps generated");
            return false;
        }
        bindFlags |= D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;
        miscFlags |= D3D11_RESOURCE_MISC_GENERATE_MIPS;
    }
    if (m_flags.testFlag(UsedWithLoadStore))
        bindFlags |= D3D11_BIND_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (is1D) {
        D3D11_TEXTURE1D_DESC desc = {};
        desc.Width = UINT(size.width());
        desc.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
        desc.ArraySize = isArray ? UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize)) : 1;
        desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
        desc.BindFlags = bindFlags;
        desc.MiscFlags = miscFlags;
 
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture1D(&desc, nullptr, &tex1D);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create 1D texture: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        if (!m_objectName.isEmpty())
            tex->SetPrivateData(WKPDID_D3DDebugObjectName, UINT(m_objectName.size()),
                                m_objectName.constData());
    } else if (!is3D) {
        D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc = {};
        desc.Width = UINT(size.width());
        desc.Height = UINT(size.height());
        desc.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
        desc.ArraySize = isCube ? 6 : (isArray ? UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize)) : 1);
        desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        desc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
        desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
        desc.BindFlags = bindFlags;
        desc.MiscFlags = miscFlags;
 
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture2D(&desc, nullptr, &tex);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create 2D texture: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        if (!m_objectName.isEmpty())
            tex->SetPrivateData(WKPDID_D3DDebugObjectName, UINT(m_objectName.size()), m_objectName.constData());
    } else {
        D3D11_TEXTURE3D_DESC desc = {};
        desc.Width = UINT(size.width());
        desc.Height = UINT(size.height());
        desc.Depth = UINT(qMax(1, m_depth));
        desc.MipLevels = mipLevelCount;
        desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
        desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
        desc.BindFlags = bindFlags;
        desc.MiscFlags = miscFlags;
 
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture3D(&desc, nullptr, &tex3D);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create 3D texture: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
        if (!m_objectName.isEmpty())
            tex3D->SetPrivateData(WKPDID_D3DDebugObjectName, UINT(m_objectName.size()), m_objectName.constData());
    }
 
    if (!finishCreate())
        return false;
 
    owns = true;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
bool QD3D11Texture::createFrom(QRhiTexture::NativeTexture src)
{
    if (!src.object)
        return false;
 
    if (!prepareCreate())
        return false;
 
    if (m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional))
        tex3D = reinterpret_cast<ID3D11Texture3D *>(src.object);
    else if (m_flags.testFlags(OneDimensional))
        tex1D = reinterpret_cast<ID3D11Texture1D *>(src.object);
    else
        tex = reinterpret_cast<ID3D11Texture2D *>(src.object);
 
    if (!finishCreate())
        return false;
 
    owns = false;
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiTexture::NativeTexture QD3D11Texture::nativeTexture()
{
    return { quint64(textureResource()), 0 };
}
 
ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *QD3D11Texture::unorderedAccessViewForLevel(int level)
{
    if (perLevelViews[level])
        return perLevelViews[level];
 
    const bool isCube = m_flags.testFlag(CubeMap);
    const bool isArray = m_flags.testFlag(TextureArray);
    const bool is3D = m_flags.testFlag(ThreeDimensional);
    D3D11_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC desc = {};
    desc.Format = dxgiFormat;
    if (isCube) {
        desc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
        desc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(level);
        desc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
        desc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 6;
    } else if (isArray) {
        desc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
        desc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(level);
        desc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
        desc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, m_arraySize));
    } else if (is3D) {
        desc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
        desc.Texture3D.MipSlice = UINT(level);
    } else {
        desc.ViewDimension = D3D11_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        desc.Texture2D.MipSlice = UINT(level);
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    ID3D11UnorderedAccessView *uav = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateUnorderedAccessView(textureResource(), &desc, &uav);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create UAV: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    perLevelViews[level] = uav;
    return uav;
}
 
QD3D11Sampler::QD3D11Sampler(QRhiImplementation *rhi, Filter magFilter, Filter minFilter, Filter mipmapMode,
                             AddressMode u, AddressMode v, AddressMode w)
    : QRhiSampler(rhi, magFilter, minFilter, mipmapMode, u, v, w)
{
}
 
QD3D11Sampler::~QD3D11Sampler()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11Sampler::destroy()
{
    if (!samplerState)
        return;
 
    samplerState->Release();
    samplerState = nullptr;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline D3D11_FILTER toD3DFilter(QRhiSampler::Filter minFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter magFilter, QRhiSampler::Filter mipFilter)
{
    if (minFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
        if (magFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_POINT_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_POINT;
        } else {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_POINT_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_POINT_MAG_LINEAR_MIP_POINT;
        }
    } else {
        if (magFilter == QRhiSampler::Nearest) {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_LINEAR_MAG_POINT_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_LINEAR_MAG_MIP_POINT;
        } else {
            if (mipFilter == QRhiSampler::Linear)
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
            else
                return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_LINEAR_MIP_POINT;
        }
    }
 
    Q_UNREACHABLE();
    return D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
}
 
static inline D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE toD3DAddressMode(QRhiSampler::AddressMode m)
{
    switch (m) {
    case QRhiSampler::Repeat:
        return D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
    case QRhiSampler::ClampToEdge:
        return D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_CLAMP;
    case QRhiSampler::Mirror:
        return D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MIRROR;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_CLAMP;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_COMPARISON_FUNC toD3DTextureComparisonFunc(QRhiSampler::CompareOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiSampler::Never:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
    case QRhiSampler::Less:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;
    case QRhiSampler::Equal:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::LessOrEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::Greater:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_GREATER;
    case QRhiSampler::NotEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::GreaterOrEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_GREATER_EQUAL;
    case QRhiSampler::Always:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
    }
}
 
bool QD3D11Sampler::create()
{
    if (samplerState)
        destroy();
 
    D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC desc = {};
    desc.Filter = toD3DFilter(m_minFilter, m_magFilter, m_mipmapMode);
    if (m_compareOp != Never)
        desc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER(desc.Filter | 0x80);
    desc.AddressU = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressU);
    desc.AddressV = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressV);
    desc.AddressW = toD3DAddressMode(m_addressW);
    desc.MaxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
    desc.ComparisonFunc = toD3DTextureComparisonFunc(m_compareOp);
    desc.MaxLOD = m_mipmapMode == None ? 0.0f : 1000.0f;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateSamplerState(&desc, &samplerState);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create sampler state: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
// dummy, no Vulkan-style RenderPass+Framebuffer concept here
QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiRenderPassDescriptor(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::~QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::destroy()
{
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::isCompatible(const QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *other) const
{
    Q_UNUSED(other);
    return true;
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor() const
{
    QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD, false);
    return rpD;
}
 
QVector<quint32> QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor::serializedFormat() const
{
    return {};
}
 
QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget(QRhiImplementation *rhi, QRhiSwapChain *swapchain)
    : QRhiSwapChainRenderTarget(rhi, swapchain),
      d(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::~QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::destroy()
{
    // nothing to do here
}
 
QSize QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::pixelSize() const
{
    return d.pixelSize;
}
 
float QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::devicePixelRatio() const
{
    return d.dpr;
}
 
int QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget::sampleCount() const
{
    return d.sampleCount;
}
 
QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::QD3D11TextureRenderTarget(QRhiImplementation *rhi,
                                                     const QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription &desc,
                                                     Flags flags)
    : QRhiTextureRenderTarget(rhi, desc, flags),
      d(rhi)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D11RenderTargetData::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS; ++i) {
        ownsRtv[i] = false;
        rtv[i] = nullptr;
    }
}
 
QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::~QD3D11TextureRenderTarget()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::destroy()
{
    if (!rtv[0] && !dsv)
        return;
 
    if (dsv) {
        if (ownsDsv)
            dsv->Release();
        dsv = nullptr;
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D11RenderTargetData::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS; ++i) {
        if (rtv[i]) {
            if (ownsRtv[i])
                rtv[i]->Release();
            rtv[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor()
{
    QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD, false);
    return rpD;
}
 
bool QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::create()
{
    if (rtv[0] || dsv)
        destroy();
 
    Q_ASSERT(m_desc.colorAttachmentCount() > 0 || m_desc.depthTexture());
    Q_ASSERT(!m_desc.depthStencilBuffer() || !m_desc.depthTexture());
    const bool hasDepthStencil = m_desc.depthStencilBuffer() || m_desc.depthTexture();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
 
    d.colorAttCount = 0;
    int attIndex = 0;
    for (auto it = m_desc.cbeginColorAttachments(), itEnd = m_desc.cendColorAttachments(); it != itEnd; ++it, ++attIndex) {
        d.colorAttCount += 1;
        const QRhiColorAttachment &colorAtt(*it);
        QRhiTexture *texture = colorAtt.texture();
        QRhiRenderBuffer *rb = colorAtt.renderBuffer();
        Q_ASSERT(texture || rb);
        if (texture) {
            QD3D11Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, texture);
            D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
            rtvDesc.Format = toD3DTextureFormat(texD->format(), texD->flags());
            if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::CubeMap)) {
                rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::OneDimensional)) {
                if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1DARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture1DArray.ArraySize = 1;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE1D;
                    rtvDesc.Texture1D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                }
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = 1;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                    rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
                }
            } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional)) {
                rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.FirstWSlice = UINT(colorAtt.layer());
                rtvDesc.Texture3D.WSize = 1;
            } else {
                if (texD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS;
                } else {
                    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                    rtvDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = UINT(colorAtt.level());
                }
            }
            HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(texD->textureResource(), &rtvDesc, &rtv[attIndex]);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create rtv: %s",
                    qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
            ownsRtv[attIndex] = true;
            if (attIndex == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = rhiD->q->sizeForMipLevel(colorAtt.level(), texD->pixelSize());
                d.sampleCount = int(texD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        } else if (rb) {
            QD3D11RenderBuffer *rbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderBuffer, rb);
            ownsRtv[attIndex] = false;
            rtv[attIndex] = rbD->rtv;
            if (attIndex == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = rbD->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(rbD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        }
    }
    d.dpr = 1;
 
    if (hasDepthStencil) {
        if (m_desc.depthTexture()) {
            ownsDsv = true;
            QD3D11Texture *depthTexD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11Texture, m_desc.depthTexture());
            D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC dsvDesc = {};
            dsvDesc.Format = toD3DDepthTextureDSVFormat(depthTexD->format());
            dsvDesc.ViewDimension = depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS
                                                                    : D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
            if (depthTexD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
                if (depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
                    dsvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMSARRAY;
                    if (depthTexD->arrayRangeStart() >= 0 && depthTexD->arrayRangeLength() >= 0) {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeStart());
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeLength());
                    } else {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DMSArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, depthTexD->arraySize()));
                    }
                } else {
                    dsvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                    if (depthTexD->arrayRangeStart() >= 0 && depthTexD->arrayRangeLength() >= 0) {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeStart());
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(depthTexD->arrayRangeLength());
                    } else {
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
                        dsvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = UINT(qMax(0, depthTexD->arraySize()));
                    }
                }
            }
            HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateDepthStencilView(depthTexD->tex, &dsvDesc, &dsv);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create dsv: %s",
                    qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
            if (d.colorAttCount == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = depthTexD->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(depthTexD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        } else {
            ownsDsv = false;
            QD3D11RenderBuffer *depthRbD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderBuffer, m_desc.depthStencilBuffer());
            dsv = depthRbD->dsv;
            if (d.colorAttCount == 0) {
                d.pixelSize = m_desc.depthStencilBuffer()->pixelSize();
                d.sampleCount = int(depthRbD->sampleDesc.Count);
            }
        }
        d.dsAttCount = 1;
    } else {
        d.dsAttCount = 0;
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < QD3D11RenderTargetData::MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS; ++i)
        d.rtv[i] = i < d.colorAttCount ? rtv[i] : nullptr;
 
    d.dsv = dsv;
    d.rp = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
 
    QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::updateResIdList<QD3D11Texture, QD3D11RenderBuffer>(m_desc, &d.currentResIdList);
 
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QSize QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::pixelSize() const
{
    if (!QRhiRenderTargetAttachmentTracker::isUpToDate<QD3D11Texture, QD3D11RenderBuffer>(m_desc, d.currentResIdList))
        const_cast<QD3D11TextureRenderTarget *>(this)->create();
 
    return d.pixelSize;
}
 
float QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::devicePixelRatio() const
{
    return d.dpr;
}
 
int QD3D11TextureRenderTarget::sampleCount() const
{
    return d.sampleCount;
}
 
QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiShaderResourceBindings(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::~QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::destroy()
{
    sortedBindings.clear();
    boundResourceData.clear();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::create()
{
    if (!sortedBindings.isEmpty())
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (!rhiD->sanityCheckShaderResourceBindings(this))
        return false;
 
    rhiD->updateLayoutDesc(this);
 
    std::copy(m_bindings.cbegin(), m_bindings.cend(), std::back_inserter(sortedBindings));
    std::sort(sortedBindings.begin(), sortedBindings.end(), QRhiImplementation::sortedBindingLessThan);
 
    boundResourceData.resize(sortedBindings.count());
 
    for (BoundResourceData &bd : boundResourceData)
        memset(&bd, 0, sizeof(BoundResourceData));
 
    hasDynamicOffset = false;
    for (const QRhiShaderResourceBinding &b : sortedBindings) {
        const QRhiShaderResourceBinding::Data *bd = QRhiImplementation::shaderResourceBindingData(b);
        if (bd->type == QRhiShaderResourceBinding::UniformBuffer && bd->u.ubuf.hasDynamicOffset) {
            hasDynamicOffset = true;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this, false);
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D11ShaderResourceBindings::updateResources(UpdateFlags flags)
{
    sortedBindings.clear();
    std::copy(m_bindings.cbegin(), m_bindings.cend(), std::back_inserter(sortedBindings));
    if (!flags.testFlag(BindingsAreSorted))
        std::sort(sortedBindings.begin(), sortedBindings.end(), QRhiImplementation::sortedBindingLessThan);
 
    Q_ASSERT(boundResourceData.count() == sortedBindings.count());
    for (BoundResourceData &bd : boundResourceData)
        memset(&bd, 0, sizeof(BoundResourceData));
 
    generation += 1;
}
 
QD3D11GraphicsPipeline::QD3D11GraphicsPipeline(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiGraphicsPipeline(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D11GraphicsPipeline::~QD3D11GraphicsPipeline()
{
    destroy();
}
 
template<typename T>
inline void releasePipelineShader(T &s)
{
    if (s.shader) {
        s.shader->Release();
        s.shader = nullptr;
    }
    s.nativeResourceBindingMap.clear();
}
 
void QD3D11GraphicsPipeline::destroy()
{
    if (!dsState)
        return;
 
    dsState->Release();
    dsState = nullptr;
 
    if (blendState) {
        blendState->Release();
        blendState = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (inputLayout) {
        inputLayout->Release();
        inputLayout = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (rastState) {
        rastState->Release();
        rastState = nullptr;
    }
 
    releasePipelineShader(vs);
    releasePipelineShader(hs);
    releasePipelineShader(ds);
    releasePipelineShader(gs);
    releasePipelineShader(fs);
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
static inline D3D11_CULL_MODE toD3DCullMode(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::CullMode c)
{
    switch (c) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::None:
        return D3D11_CULL_NONE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Front:
        return D3D11_CULL_FRONT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Back:
        return D3D11_CULL_BACK;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_CULL_NONE;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_FILL_MODE toD3DFillMode(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::PolygonMode mode)
{
    switch (mode) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Fill:
        return D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Line:
        return D3D11_FILL_WIREFRAME;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_COMPARISON_FUNC toD3DCompareOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::CompareOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Never:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Less:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Equal:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::LessOrEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Greater:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_GREATER;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::NotEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::GreaterOrEqual:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_GREATER_EQUAL;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Always:
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_STENCIL_OP toD3DStencilOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::StencilOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::StencilZero:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_ZERO;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Keep:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Replace:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::IncrementAndClamp:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DecrementAndClamp:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Invert:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INVERT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::IncrementAndWrap:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DecrementAndWrap:
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    }
}
 
static inline DXGI_FORMAT toD3DAttributeFormat(QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Format format)
{
    switch (format) {
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UNormByte:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UInt:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
     case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt4:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SInt:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half4:
    // Note: D3D does not support half3.  Pass through half3 as half4.
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Half:
         return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UShort4:
    // Note: D3D does not support UShort3.  Pass through UShort3 as UShort4.
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UShort3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UShort2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::UShort:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SShort4:
    // Note: D3D does not support SShort3.  Pass through SShort3 as SShort4.
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SShort3:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SShort2:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT;
    case QRhiVertexInputAttribute::SShort:
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SINT;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY toD3DTopology(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Topology t, int patchControlPointCount)
{
    switch (t) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Triangles:
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TriangleStrip:
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Lines:
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINELIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::LineStrip:
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Points:
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Patches:
        Q_ASSERT(patchControlPointCount >= 1 && patchControlPointCount <= 32);
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_1_CONTROL_POINT_PATCHLIST + (patchControlPointCount - 1));
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST;
    }
}
 
static inline UINT8 toD3DColorWriteMask(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ColorMask c)
{
    UINT8 f = 0;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::R))
        f |= D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_RED;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::G))
        f |= D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_GREEN;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::B))
        f |= D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_BLUE;
    if (c.testFlag(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::A))
        f |= D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALPHA;
    return f;
}
 
static inline D3D11_BLEND toD3DBlendFactor(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::BlendFactor f, bool rgb)
{
    // SrcBlendAlpha and DstBlendAlpha do not accept *_COLOR. With other APIs
    // this is handled internally (so that e.g. VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_COLOR is
    // accepted and is in effect equivalent to VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA when
    // set as an alpha src/dest factor), but for D3D we have to take care of it
    // ourselves. Hence the rgb argument.
 
    switch (f) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Zero:
        return D3D11_BLEND_ZERO;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::One:
        return D3D11_BLEND_ONE;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcColor:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_SRC_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrcColor:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DstColor:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_DEST_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusDstColor:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrcAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::DstAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusDstAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ConstantColor:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ConstantAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_BLEND_FACTOR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusConstantColor:
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusConstantAlpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_INV_BLEND_FACTOR;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::SrcAlphaSaturate:
        return D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Src1Color:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_SRC1_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrc1Color:
        return rgb ? D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC1_COLOR : D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Src1Alpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_SRC1_ALPHA;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::OneMinusSrc1Alpha:
        return D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC1_ALPHA;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_BLEND_ZERO;
    }
}
 
static inline D3D11_BLEND_OP toD3DBlendOp(QRhiGraphicsPipeline::BlendOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Add:
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Subtract:
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::ReverseSubtract:
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_REV_SUBTRACT;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Min:
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_MIN;
    case QRhiGraphicsPipeline::Max:
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return D3D11_BLEND_OP_ADD;
    }
}
 
static inline QByteArray sourceHash(const QByteArray &source)
{
    // taken from the GL backend, use the same mechanism to get a key
    QCryptographicHash keyBuilder(QCryptographicHash::Sha1);
    keyBuilder.addData(source);
    return keyBuilder.result().toHex();
}
 
QByteArray QRhiD3D11::compileHlslShaderSource(const QShader &shader, QShader::Variant shaderVariant, uint flags,
                                              QString *error, QShaderKey *usedShaderKey)
{
    QShaderKey key = { QShader::DxbcShader, 50, shaderVariant };
    QShaderCode dxbc = shader.shader(key);
    if (!dxbc.shader().isEmpty()) {
        if (usedShaderKey)
            *usedShaderKey = key;
        return dxbc.shader();
    }
 
    key = { QShader::HlslShader, 50, shaderVariant };
    QShaderCode hlslSource = shader.shader(key);
    if (hlslSource.shader().isEmpty()) {
        qWarning() << "No HLSL (shader model 5.0) code found in baked shader" << shader;
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    if (usedShaderKey)
        *usedShaderKey = key;
 
    const char *target;
    switch (shader.stage()) {
    case QShader::VertexStage:
        target = "vs_5_0";
        break;
    case QShader::TessellationControlStage:
        target = "hs_5_0";
        break;
    case QShader::TessellationEvaluationStage:
        target = "ds_5_0";
        break;
    case QShader::GeometryStage:
        target = "gs_5_0";
        break;
    case QShader::FragmentStage:
        target = "ps_5_0";
        break;
    case QShader::ComputeStage:
        target = "cs_5_0";
        break;
    default:
        Q_UNREACHABLE();
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    BytecodeCacheKey cacheKey;
    if (rhiFlags.testFlag(QRhi::EnablePipelineCacheDataSave)) {
        cacheKey.sourceHash = sourceHash(hlslSource.shader());
        cacheKey.target = target;
        cacheKey.entryPoint = hlslSource.entryPoint();
        cacheKey.compileFlags = flags;
        auto cacheIt = m_bytecodeCache.constFind(cacheKey);
        if (cacheIt != m_bytecodeCache.constEnd())
            return cacheIt.value();
    }
 
    static const pD3DCompile d3dCompile = QRhiD3D::resolveD3DCompile();
    if (d3dCompile == nullptr) {
        qWarning("Unable to resolve function D3DCompile()");
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    ID3DBlob *bytecode = nullptr;
    ID3DBlob *errors = nullptr;
    HRESULT hr = d3dCompile(hlslSource.shader().constData(), SIZE_T(hlslSource.shader().size()),
                            nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                            hlslSource.entryPoint().constData(), target, flags, 0, &bytecode, &errors);
    if (FAILED(hr) || !bytecode) {
        qWarning("HLSL shader compilation failed: 0x%x", uint(hr));
        if (errors) {
            *error = QString::fromUtf8(static_cast<const char *>(errors->GetBufferPointer()),
                                       int(errors->GetBufferSize()));
            errors->Release();
        }
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    QByteArray result;
    result.resize(int(bytecode->GetBufferSize()));
    memcpy(result.data(), bytecode->GetBufferPointer(), size_t(result.size()));
    bytecode->Release();
 
    if (rhiFlags.testFlag(QRhi::EnablePipelineCacheDataSave))
        m_bytecodeCache.insert(cacheKey, result);
 
    return result;
}
 
bool QD3D11GraphicsPipeline::create()
{
    if (dsState)
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->pipelineCreationStart();
    if (!rhiD->sanityCheckGraphicsPipeline(this))
        return false;
 
    D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rastDesc = {};
    rastDesc.FillMode = toD3DFillMode(m_polygonMode);
    rastDesc.CullMode = toD3DCullMode(m_cullMode);
    rastDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = m_frontFace == CCW;
    rastDesc.DepthBias = m_depthBias;
    rastDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = m_slopeScaledDepthBias;
    rastDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
    rastDesc.ScissorEnable = m_flags.testFlag(UsesScissor);
    rastDesc.MultisampleEnable = rhiD->effectiveSampleDesc(m_sampleCount).Count > 1;
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRasterizerState(&rastDesc, &rastState);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create rasterizer state: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC dsDesc = {};
    dsDesc.DepthEnable = m_depthTest;
    dsDesc.DepthWriteMask = m_depthWrite ? D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL : D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ZERO;
    dsDesc.DepthFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_depthOp);
    dsDesc.StencilEnable = m_stencilTest;
    if (m_stencilTest) {
        dsDesc.StencilReadMask = UINT8(m_stencilReadMask);
        dsDesc.StencilWriteMask = UINT8(m_stencilWriteMask);
        dsDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.failOp);
        dsDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.depthFailOp);
        dsDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilFront.passOp);
        dsDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_stencilFront.compareOp);
        dsDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.failOp);
        dsDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.depthFailOp);
        dsDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = toD3DStencilOp(m_stencilBack.passOp);
        dsDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = toD3DCompareOp(m_stencilBack.compareOp);
    }
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateDepthStencilState(&dsDesc, &dsState);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create depth-stencil state: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    D3D11_BLEND_DESC blendDesc = {};
    blendDesc.IndependentBlendEnable = m_targetBlends.count() > 1;
    for (int i = 0, ie = m_targetBlends.count(); i != ie; ++i) {
        const QRhiGraphicsPipeline::TargetBlend &b(m_targetBlends[i]);
        D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC blend = {};
        blend.BlendEnable = b.enable;
        blend.SrcBlend = toD3DBlendFactor(b.srcColor, true);
        blend.DestBlend = toD3DBlendFactor(b.dstColor, true);
        blend.BlendOp = toD3DBlendOp(b.opColor);
        blend.SrcBlendAlpha = toD3DBlendFactor(b.srcAlpha, false);
        blend.DestBlendAlpha = toD3DBlendFactor(b.dstAlpha, false);
        blend.BlendOpAlpha = toD3DBlendOp(b.opAlpha);
        blend.RenderTargetWriteMask = toD3DColorWriteMask(b.colorWrite);
        blendDesc.RenderTarget[i] = blend;
    }
    if (m_targetBlends.isEmpty()) {
        D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC blend = {};
        blend.RenderTargetWriteMask = D3D11_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
        blendDesc.RenderTarget[0] = blend;
    }
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateBlendState(&blendDesc, &blendState);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create blend state: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    QByteArray vsByteCode;
    for (const QRhiShaderStage &shaderStage : std::as_const(m_shaderStages)) {
        auto cacheIt = rhiD->m_shaderCache.constFind(shaderStage);
        if (cacheIt != rhiD->m_shaderCache.constEnd()) {
            switch (shaderStage.type()) {
            case QRhiShaderStage::Vertex:
                vs.shader = static_cast<ID3D11VertexShader *>(cacheIt->s);
                vs.shader->AddRef();
                vsByteCode = cacheIt->bytecode;
                vs.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::TessellationControl:
                hs.shader = static_cast<ID3D11HullShader *>(cacheIt->s);
                hs.shader->AddRef();
                hs.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::TessellationEvaluation:
                ds.shader = static_cast<ID3D11DomainShader *>(cacheIt->s);
                ds.shader->AddRef();
                ds.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::Geometry:
                gs.shader = static_cast<ID3D11GeometryShader *>(cacheIt->s);
                gs.shader->AddRef();
                gs.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::Fragment:
                fs.shader = static_cast<ID3D11PixelShader *>(cacheIt->s);
                fs.shader->AddRef();
                fs.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
        } else {
            QString error;
            QShaderKey shaderKey;
            UINT compileFlags = 0;
            if (m_flags.testFlag(CompileShadersWithDebugInfo))
                compileFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;
 
            const QByteArray bytecode = rhiD->compileHlslShaderSource(shaderStage.shader(), shaderStage.shaderVariant(), compileFlags,
                                                                      &error, &shaderKey);
            if (bytecode.isEmpty()) {
                qWarning("HLSL shader compilation failed: %s", qPrintable(error));
                return false;
            }
 
            if (rhiD->m_shaderCache.count() >= QRhiD3D11::MAX_SHADER_CACHE_ENTRIES) {
                // Use the simplest strategy: too many cached shaders -> drop them all.
                rhiD->clearShaderCache();
            }
 
            switch (shaderStage.type()) {
            case QRhiShaderStage::Vertex:
                hr = rhiD->dev->CreateVertexShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &vs.shader);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create vertex shader: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
                vsByteCode = bytecode;
                vs.nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
                rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(vs.shader, bytecode, vs.nativeResourceBindingMap));
                vs.shader->AddRef();
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::TessellationControl:
                hr = rhiD->dev->CreateHullShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &hs.shader);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create hull shader: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
                hs.nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
                rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(hs.shader, bytecode, hs.nativeResourceBindingMap));
                hs.shader->AddRef();
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::TessellationEvaluation:
                hr = rhiD->dev->CreateDomainShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &ds.shader);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create domain shader: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
                ds.nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
                rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(ds.shader, bytecode, ds.nativeResourceBindingMap));
                ds.shader->AddRef();
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::Geometry:
                hr = rhiD->dev->CreateGeometryShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &gs.shader);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create geometry shader: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
                gs.nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
                rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(gs.shader, bytecode, gs.nativeResourceBindingMap));
                gs.shader->AddRef();
                break;
            case QRhiShaderStage::Fragment:
                hr = rhiD->dev->CreatePixelShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &fs.shader);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create pixel shader: %s",
                        qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
                fs.nativeResourceBindingMap = shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
                rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(fs.shader, bytecode, fs.nativeResourceBindingMap));
                fs.shader->AddRef();
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
        }
    }
 
    d3dTopology = toD3DTopology(m_topology, m_patchControlPointCount);
 
    if (!vsByteCode.isEmpty()) {
        QByteArrayList matrixSliceSemantics;
        QVarLengthArray<D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC, 4> inputDescs;
        for (auto it = m_vertexInputLayout.cbeginAttributes(), itEnd = m_vertexInputLayout.cendAttributes();
             it != itEnd; ++it)
        {
            D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC desc = {};
            // The output from SPIRV-Cross uses TEXCOORD<location> as the
            // semantic, except for matrices that are unrolled into consecutive
            // vec2/3/4s attributes and need TEXCOORD<location>_ as
            // SemanticName and row/column index as SemanticIndex.
            const int matrixSlice = it->matrixSlice();
            if (matrixSlice < 0) {
                desc.SemanticName = "TEXCOORD";
                desc.SemanticIndex = UINT(it->location());
            } else {
                QByteArray sem;
                sem.resize(16);
                qsnprintf(sem.data(), sem.size(), "TEXCOORD%d_", it->location() - matrixSlice);
                matrixSliceSemantics.append(sem);
                desc.SemanticName = matrixSliceSemantics.last().constData();
                desc.SemanticIndex = UINT(matrixSlice);
            }
            desc.Format = toD3DAttributeFormat(it->format());
            desc.InputSlot = UINT(it->binding());
            desc.AlignedByteOffset = it->offset();
            const QRhiVertexInputBinding *inputBinding = m_vertexInputLayout.bindingAt(it->binding());
            if (inputBinding->classification() == QRhiVertexInputBinding::PerInstance) {
                desc.InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_INSTANCE_DATA;
                desc.InstanceDataStepRate = inputBinding->instanceStepRate();
            } else {
                desc.InputSlotClass = D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA;
            }
            inputDescs.append(desc);
        }
        if (!inputDescs.isEmpty()) {
            hr = rhiD->dev->CreateInputLayout(inputDescs.constData(), UINT(inputDescs.count()),
                                              vsByteCode, SIZE_T(vsByteCode.size()), &inputLayout);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create input layout: %s",
                    qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
        } // else leave inputLayout set to nullptr; that's valid and it avoids a debug layer warning about an input layout with 0 elements
    }
 
    rhiD->pipelineCreationEnd();
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QD3D11ComputePipeline::QD3D11ComputePipeline(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiComputePipeline(rhi)
{
}
 
QD3D11ComputePipeline::~QD3D11ComputePipeline()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11ComputePipeline::destroy()
{
    if (!cs.shader)
        return;
 
    cs.shader->Release();
    cs.shader = nullptr;
    cs.nativeResourceBindingMap.clear();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD)
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
}
 
bool QD3D11ComputePipeline::create()
{
    if (cs.shader)
        destroy();
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->pipelineCreationStart();
 
    auto cacheIt = rhiD->m_shaderCache.constFind(m_shaderStage);
    if (cacheIt != rhiD->m_shaderCache.constEnd()) {
        cs.shader = static_cast<ID3D11ComputeShader *>(cacheIt->s);
        cs.nativeResourceBindingMap = cacheIt->nativeResourceBindingMap;
    } else {
        QString error;
        QShaderKey shaderKey;
        UINT compileFlags = 0;
        if (m_flags.testFlag(CompileShadersWithDebugInfo))
            compileFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;
 
        const QByteArray bytecode = rhiD->compileHlslShaderSource(m_shaderStage.shader(), m_shaderStage.shaderVariant(), compileFlags,
                                                                  &error, &shaderKey);
        if (bytecode.isEmpty()) {
            qWarning("HLSL compute shader compilation failed: %s", qPrintable(error));
            return false;
        }
 
        HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateComputeShader(bytecode.constData(), SIZE_T(bytecode.size()), nullptr, &cs.shader);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create compute shader: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
 
        cs.nativeResourceBindingMap = m_shaderStage.shader().nativeResourceBindingMap(shaderKey);
 
        if (rhiD->m_shaderCache.count() >= QRhiD3D11::MAX_SHADER_CACHE_ENTRIES)
            rhiD->clearShaderCache();
 
        rhiD->m_shaderCache.insert(m_shaderStage, QRhiD3D11::Shader(cs.shader, bytecode, cs.nativeResourceBindingMap));
    }
 
    cs.shader->AddRef();
 
    rhiD->pipelineCreationEnd();
    generation += 1;
    rhiD->registerResource(this);
    return true;
}
 
QD3D11CommandBuffer::QD3D11CommandBuffer(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiCommandBuffer(rhi)
{
    resetState();
}
 
QD3D11CommandBuffer::~QD3D11CommandBuffer()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11CommandBuffer::destroy()
{
    // nothing to do here
}
 
bool QD3D11SwapChainTimestamps::prepare(QRhiD3D11 *rhiD)
{
    // Creates the query objects if not yet done, but otherwise calling this
    // function is expected to be a no-op.
 
    D3D11_QUERY_DESC queryDesc = {};
    for (int i = 0; i < TIMESTAMP_PAIRS; ++i) {
        if (!disjointQuery[i]) {
            queryDesc.Query = D3D11_QUERY_TIMESTAMP_DISJOINT;
            HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateQuery(&queryDesc, &disjointQuery[i]);
            if (FAILED(hr)) {
                qWarning("Failed to create timestamp disjoint query: %s",
                         qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                return false;
            }
        }
        queryDesc.Query = D3D11_QUERY_TIMESTAMP;
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
            const int idx = 2 * i + j;
            if (!query[idx]) {
                HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateQuery(&queryDesc, &query[idx]);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create timestamp query: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}
 
void QD3D11SwapChainTimestamps::destroy()
{
    for (int i = 0; i < TIMESTAMP_PAIRS; ++i) {
        active[i] = false;
        if (disjointQuery[i]) {
            disjointQuery[i]->Release();
            disjointQuery[i] = nullptr;
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
            const int idx = TIMESTAMP_PAIRS * i + j;
            if (query[idx]) {
                query[idx]->Release();
                query[idx] = nullptr;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
bool QD3D11SwapChainTimestamps::tryQueryTimestamps(int pairIndex, ID3D11DeviceContext *context, double *elapsedSec)
{
    bool result = false;
    if (!active[pairIndex])
        return result;
 
    ID3D11Query *tsDisjoint = disjointQuery[pairIndex];
    ID3D11Query *tsStart = query[pairIndex * 2];
    ID3D11Query *tsEnd = query[pairIndex * 2 + 1];
    quint64 timestamps[2];
    D3D11_QUERY_DATA_TIMESTAMP_DISJOINT dj;
 
    bool ok = true;
    ok &= context->GetData(tsDisjoint, &dj, sizeof(dj), D3D11_ASYNC_GETDATA_DONOTFLUSH) == S_OK;
    ok &= context->GetData(tsEnd, &timestamps[1], sizeof(quint64), D3D11_ASYNC_GETDATA_DONOTFLUSH) == S_OK;
    ok &= context->GetData(tsStart, &timestamps[0], sizeof(quint64), D3D11_ASYNC_GETDATA_DONOTFLUSH) == S_OK;
 
    if (ok) {
        if (!dj.Disjoint && dj.Frequency) {
            const float elapsedMs = (timestamps[1] - timestamps[0]) / float(dj.Frequency) * 1000.0f;
            *elapsedSec = elapsedMs / 1000.0;
            result = true;
        }
        active[pairIndex] = false;
    } // else leave active set, will retry in a subsequent beginFrame
 
    return result;
}
 
QD3D11SwapChain::QD3D11SwapChain(QRhiImplementation *rhi)
    : QRhiSwapChain(rhi), rt(rhi, this), rtRight(rhi, this), cb(rhi)
{
    backBufferTex = nullptr;
    backBufferRtv = nullptr;
    for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
        msaaTex[i] = nullptr;
        msaaRtv[i] = nullptr;
    }
}
 
QD3D11SwapChain::~QD3D11SwapChain()
{
    destroy();
}
 
void QD3D11SwapChain::releaseBuffers()
{
    if (backBufferRtv) {
        backBufferRtv->Release();
        backBufferRtv = nullptr;
    }
    if (backBufferRtvRight) {
        backBufferRtvRight->Release();
        backBufferRtvRight = nullptr;
    }
    if (backBufferTex) {
        backBufferTex->Release();
        backBufferTex = nullptr;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
        if (msaaRtv[i]) {
            msaaRtv[i]->Release();
            msaaRtv[i] = nullptr;
        }
        if (msaaTex[i]) {
            msaaTex[i]->Release();
            msaaTex[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }
}
 
void QD3D11SwapChain::destroy()
{
    if (!swapChain)
        return;
 
    releaseBuffers();
 
    timestamps.destroy();
 
    swapChain->Release();
    swapChain = nullptr;
 
    if (dcompVisual) {
        dcompVisual->Release();
        dcompVisual = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (dcompTarget) {
        dcompTarget->Release();
        dcompTarget = nullptr;
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    if (rhiD) {
        rhiD->unregisterResource(this);
        // See Deferred Destruction Issues with Flip Presentation Swap Chains in
        // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d11/nf-d3d11-id3d11devicecontext-flush
        rhiD->context->Flush();
    }
}
 
QRhiCommandBuffer *QD3D11SwapChain::currentFrameCommandBuffer()
{
    return &cb;
}
 
QRhiRenderTarget *QD3D11SwapChain::currentFrameRenderTarget()
{
    return &rt;
}
 
QRhiRenderTarget *QD3D11SwapChain::currentFrameRenderTarget(StereoTargetBuffer targetBuffer)
{
    return targetBuffer == StereoTargetBuffer::LeftBuffer? &rt: &rtRight;
}
 
QSize QD3D11SwapChain::surfacePixelSize()
{
    Q_ASSERT(m_window);
    return m_window->size() * m_window->devicePixelRatio();
}
 
bool QD3D11SwapChain::isFormatSupported(Format f)
{
    if (f == SDR)
        return true;
 
    if (!m_window) {
        qWarning("Attempted to call isFormatSupported() without a window set");
        return false;
    }
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 desc1;
    if (QRhiD3D::outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &desc1)) {
        if (desc1.ColorSpace == DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020)
            return f == QRhiSwapChain::HDRExtendedSrgbLinear || f == QRhiSwapChain::HDR10;
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo QD3D11SwapChain::hdrInfo()
{
    QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo info = QRhiSwapChain::hdrInfo();
    // Must use m_window, not window, given this may be called before createOrResize().
    if (m_window) {
        QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
        DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 hdrOutputDesc;
        if (QRhiD3D::outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &hdrOutputDesc)) {
            info.limitsType = QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo::LuminanceInNits;
            info.limits.luminanceInNits.minLuminance = hdrOutputDesc.MinLuminance;
            info.limits.luminanceInNits.maxLuminance = hdrOutputDesc.MaxLuminance;
            info.luminanceBehavior = QRhiSwapChainHdrInfo::SceneReferred; // 1.0 = 80 nits
            info.sdrWhiteLevel = QRhiD3D::sdrWhiteLevelInNits(hdrOutputDesc);
        }
    }
    return info;
}
 
QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *QD3D11SwapChain::newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor()
{
    QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor *rpD = new QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor(m_rhi);
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    rhiD->registerResource(rpD, false);
    return rpD;
}
 
bool QD3D11SwapChain::newColorBuffer(const QSize &size, DXGI_FORMAT format, DXGI_SAMPLE_DESC sampleDesc,
                                     ID3D11Texture2D **tex, ID3D11RenderTargetView **rtv) const
{
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc = {};
    desc.Width = UINT(size.width());
    desc.Height = UINT(size.height());
    desc.MipLevels = 1;
    desc.ArraySize = 1;
    desc.Format = format;
    desc.SampleDesc = sampleDesc;
    desc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    desc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_RENDER_TARGET;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
    HRESULT hr = rhiD->dev->CreateTexture2D(&desc, nullptr, tex);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create color buffer texture: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
    rtvDesc.Format = format;
    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = sampleDesc.Count > 1 ? D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DMS : D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(*tex, &rtvDesc, rtv);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create color buffer rtv: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        (*tex)->Release();
        *tex = nullptr;
        return false;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
bool QRhiD3D11::ensureDirectCompositionDevice()
{
    if (dcompDevice)
        return true;
 
    qCDebug(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "Creating Direct Composition device (needed for semi-transparent windows)");
    dcompDevice = QRhiD3D::createDirectCompositionDevice();
    return dcompDevice ? true : false;
}
 
static const DXGI_FORMAT DEFAULT_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
static const DXGI_FORMAT DEFAULT_SRGB_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
 
bool QD3D11SwapChain::createOrResize()
{
    // Can be called multiple times due to window resizes - that is not the
    // same as a simple destroy+create (as with other resources). Just need to
    // resize the buffers then.
 
    const bool needsRegistration = !window || window != m_window;
    const bool stereo = m_window->format().stereo();
 
    // except if the window actually changes
    if (window && window != m_window)
        destroy();
 
    window = m_window;
    m_currentPixelSize = surfacePixelSize();
    pixelSize = m_currentPixelSize;
 
    if (pixelSize.isEmpty())
        return false;
 
    HWND hwnd = reinterpret_cast<HWND>(window->winId());
    HRESULT hr;
 
    QRHI_RES_RHI(QRhiD3D11);
 
    if (m_flags.testFlag(SurfaceHasPreMulAlpha) || m_flags.testFlag(SurfaceHasNonPreMulAlpha)) {
        if (!rhiD->useLegacySwapchainModel && rhiD->ensureDirectCompositionDevice()) {
            if (!dcompTarget) {
                hr = rhiD->dcompDevice->CreateTargetForHwnd(hwnd, false, &dcompTarget);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create Direct Compsition target for the window: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            }
            if (dcompTarget && !dcompVisual) {
                hr = rhiD->dcompDevice->CreateVisual(&dcompVisual);
                if (FAILED(hr)) {
                    qWarning("Failed to create DirectComposition visual: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            }
        }
        // simple consistency check
        if (window->requestedFormat().alphaBufferSize() <= 0)
            qWarning("Swapchain says surface has alpha but the window has no alphaBufferSize set. "
                     "This may lead to problems.");
    }
 
    swapInterval = m_flags.testFlag(QRhiSwapChain::NoVSync) ? 0 : 1;
    swapChainFlags = 0;
 
    // A non-flip swapchain can do Present(0) as expected without
    // ALLOW_TEARING, and ALLOW_TEARING is not compatible with it at all so the
    // flag must not be set then. Whereas for flip we should use it, if
    // supported, to get better results for 'unthrottled' presentation.
    if (swapInterval == 0 && rhiD->supportsAllowTearing)
        swapChainFlags |= DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING;
 
    if (!swapChain) {
        sampleDesc = rhiD->effectiveSampleDesc(m_sampleCount);
        colorFormat = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
        srgbAdjustedColorFormat = m_flags.testFlag(sRGB) ? DEFAULT_SRGB_FORMAT : DEFAULT_FORMAT;
 
        DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_TYPE hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G22_NONE_P709; // SDR
        DXGI_OUTPUT_DESC1 hdrOutputDesc;
        if (QRhiD3D::outputDesc1ForWindow(m_window, rhiD->activeAdapter, &hdrOutputDesc) && m_format != SDR) {
            // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3darticles/high-dynamic-range
            if (hdrOutputDesc.ColorSpace == DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020) {
                switch (m_format) {
                case HDRExtendedSrgbLinear:
                    colorFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
                    hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G10_NONE_P709;
                    srgbAdjustedColorFormat = colorFormat;
                    break;
                case HDR10:
                    colorFormat = DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM;
                    hdrColorSpace = DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020;
                    srgbAdjustedColorFormat = colorFormat;
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                // This happens also when Use HDR is set to Off in the Windows
                // Display settings. Show a helpful warning, but continue with the
                // default non-HDR format.
                qWarning("The output associated with the window is not HDR capable "
                         "(or Use HDR is Off in the Display Settings), ignoring HDR format request");
            }
        }
 
        // We use a FLIP model swapchain which implies a buffer count of 2
        // (as opposed to the old DISCARD with back buffer count == 1).
        // This makes no difference for the rest of the stuff except that
        // automatic MSAA is unsupported and needs to be implemented via a
        // custom multisample render target and an explicit resolve.
 
        DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC1 desc = {};
        desc.Width = UINT(pixelSize.width());
        desc.Height = UINT(pixelSize.height());
        desc.Format = colorFormat;
        desc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        desc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
        desc.BufferCount = BUFFER_COUNT;
        desc.Flags = swapChainFlags;
        desc.Scaling = rhiD->useLegacySwapchainModel ? DXGI_SCALING_STRETCH : DXGI_SCALING_NONE;
        desc.SwapEffect = rhiD->useLegacySwapchainModel ? DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD : DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD;
        desc.Stereo = stereo;
 
        if (dcompVisual) {
            // With DirectComposition setting AlphaMode to STRAIGHT fails the
            // swapchain creation, whereas the result seems to be identical
            // with any of the other values, including IGNORE. (?)
            desc.AlphaMode = DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED;
 
            // DirectComposition has its own limitations, cannot use
            // SCALING_NONE. So with semi-transparency requested we are forced
            // to SCALING_STRETCH.
            desc.Scaling = DXGI_SCALING_STRETCH;
        }
 
        IDXGIFactory2 *fac = static_cast<IDXGIFactory2 *>(rhiD->dxgiFactory);
        IDXGISwapChain1 *sc1;
 
        if (dcompVisual)
            hr = fac->CreateSwapChainForComposition(rhiD->dev, &desc, nullptr, &sc1);
        else
            hr = fac->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(rhiD->dev, hwnd, &desc, nullptr, nullptr, &sc1);
 
        // If failed and we tried a HDR format, then try with SDR. This
        // matches other backends, such as Vulkan where if the format is
        // not supported, the default one is used instead.
        if (FAILED(hr) && m_format != SDR) {
            colorFormat = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
            desc.Format = DEFAULT_FORMAT;
            if (dcompVisual)
                hr = fac->CreateSwapChainForComposition(rhiD->dev, &desc, nullptr, &sc1);
            else
                hr = fac->CreateSwapChainForHwnd(rhiD->dev, hwnd, &desc, nullptr, nullptr, &sc1);
        }
 
        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
            swapChain = sc1;
            if (m_format != SDR) {
                IDXGISwapChain3 *sc3 = nullptr;
                if (SUCCEEDED(sc1->QueryInterface(__uuidof(IDXGISwapChain3), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&sc3)))) {
                    hr = sc3->SetColorSpace1(hdrColorSpace);
                    if (FAILED(hr))
                        qWarning("Failed to set color space on swapchain: %s",
                            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    sc3->Release();
                } else {
                    qWarning("IDXGISwapChain3 not available, HDR swapchain will not work as expected");
                }
            }
            if (dcompVisual) {
                hr = dcompVisual->SetContent(sc1);
                if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
                    hr = dcompTarget->SetRoot(dcompVisual);
                    if (FAILED(hr)) {
                        qWarning("Failed to associate Direct Composition visual with the target: %s",
                                 qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                    }
                } else {
                    qWarning("Failed to set content for Direct Composition visual: %s",
                             qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
                }
            } else {
                // disable Alt+Enter; not relevant when using DirectComposition
                rhiD->dxgiFactory->MakeWindowAssociation(hwnd, DXGI_MWA_NO_WINDOW_CHANGES);
            }
        }
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create D3D11 swapchain: %s"
                     " (Width=%u Height=%u Format=%u SampleCount=%u BufferCount=%u Scaling=%u SwapEffect=%u Stereo=%u)",
                     qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)),
                     desc.Width, desc.Height, UINT(desc.Format), desc.SampleDesc.Count,
                     desc.BufferCount, UINT(desc.Scaling), UINT(desc.SwapEffect), UINT(desc.Stereo));
            return false;
        }
    } else {
        releaseBuffers();
        // flip model -> buffer count is the real buffer count, not 1 like with the legacy modes
        hr = swapChain->ResizeBuffers(UINT(BUFFER_COUNT), UINT(pixelSize.width()), UINT(pixelSize.height()),
                                      colorFormat, swapChainFlags);
        if (hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED || hr == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_RESET) {
            qWarning("Device loss detected in ResizeBuffers()");
            rhiD->deviceLost = true;
            return false;
        } else if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to resize D3D11 swapchain: %s",
                qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    // This looks odd (for FLIP_*, esp. compared with backends for Vulkan
    // & co.) but the backbuffer is always at index 0, with magic underneath.
    // Some explanation from
    // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3ddxgi/dxgi-1-4-improvements
    //
    // "In Direct3D 11, applications could call GetBuffer( 0, … ) only once.
    // Every call to Present implicitly changed the resource identity of the
    // returned interface. Direct3D 12 no longer supports that implicit
    // resource identity change, due to the CPU overhead required and the
    // flexible resource descriptor design. As a result, the application must
    // manually call GetBuffer for every each buffer created with the
    // swapchain."
 
    // So just query index 0 once (per resize) and be done with it.
    hr = swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&backBufferTex));
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to query swapchain backbuffer: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
    D3D11_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc = {};
    rtvDesc.Format = srgbAdjustedColorFormat;
    rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(backBufferTex, &rtvDesc, &backBufferRtv);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        qWarning("Failed to create rtv for swapchain backbuffer: %s",
            qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
        return false;
    }
 
    if (stereo) {
        // Create a second render target view for the right eye
        rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
        rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 1;
        rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
        hr = rhiD->dev->CreateRenderTargetView(backBufferTex, &rtvDesc, &backBufferRtvRight);
        if (FAILED(hr)) {
            qWarning("Failed to create rtv for swapchain backbuffer (right eye): %s",
                     qPrintable(QSystemError::windowsComString(hr)));
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    // Try to reduce stalls by having a dedicated MSAA texture per swapchain buffer.
    for (int i = 0; i < BUFFER_COUNT; ++i) {
        if (sampleDesc.Count > 1) {
            if (!newColorBuffer(pixelSize, srgbAdjustedColorFormat, sampleDesc, &msaaTex[i], &msaaRtv[i]))
                return false;
        }
    }
 
    if (m_depthStencil && m_depthStencil->sampleCount() != m_sampleCount) {
        qWarning("Depth-stencil buffer's sampleCount (%d) does not match color buffers' sample count (%d). Expect problems.",
                 m_depthStencil->sampleCount(), m_sampleCount);
    }
    if (m_depthStencil && m_depthStencil->pixelSize() != pixelSize) {
        if (m_depthStencil->flags().testFlag(QRhiRenderBuffer::UsedWithSwapChainOnly)) {
            m_depthStencil->setPixelSize(pixelSize);
            if (!m_depthStencil->create())
                qWarning("Failed to rebuild swapchain's associated depth-stencil buffer for size %dx%d",
                         pixelSize.width(), pixelSize.height());
        } else {
            qWarning("Depth-stencil buffer's size (%dx%d) does not match the surface size (%dx%d). Expect problems.",
                     m_depthStencil->pixelSize().width(), m_depthStencil->pixelSize().height(),
                     pixelSize.width(), pixelSize.height());
        }
    }
 
    currentFrameSlot = 0;
    frameCount = 0;
    ds = m_depthStencil ? QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderBuffer, m_depthStencil) : nullptr;
 
    rt.setRenderPassDescriptor(m_renderPassDesc); // for the public getter in QRhiRenderTarget
    QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget *rtD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget, &rt);
    rtD->d.rp = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
    rtD->d.pixelSize = pixelSize;
    rtD->d.dpr = float(window->devicePixelRatio());
    rtD->d.sampleCount = int(sampleDesc.Count);
    rtD->d.colorAttCount = 1;
    rtD->d.dsAttCount = m_depthStencil ? 1 : 0;
 
    if (stereo) {
        rtD = QRHI_RES(QD3D11SwapChainRenderTarget, &rtRight);
        rtD->d.rp = QRHI_RES(QD3D11RenderPassDescriptor, m_renderPassDesc);
        rtD->d.pixelSize = pixelSize;
        rtD->d.dpr = float(window->devicePixelRatio());
        rtD->d.sampleCount = int(sampleDesc.Count);
        rtD->d.colorAttCount = 1;
        rtD->d.dsAttCount = m_depthStencil ? 1 : 0;
        rtD->d.rtv[0] = backBufferRtvRight;
        rtD->d.dsv = ds ? ds->dsv : nullptr;
    }
 
    if (rhiD->rhiFlags.testFlag(QRhi::EnableTimestamps)) {
        timestamps.prepare(rhiD);
        // timestamp queries are optional so we can go on even if they failed
    }
 
    if (needsRegistration)
        rhiD->registerResource(this);
 
    return true;
}
 
QT_END_NAMESPACE